Reid Ginoza at 01:34, 30 March 2006

2006-03-30T01:34:40Z

Jennifer Wada at 09:58, 8 March 2006

2006-03-08T09:58:59Z

New page

signs of nutritional deficiencies,
such as rickets and scurvy, are
apparent in the osseous materials. 17/
Evidence of metastatic cancer
to the bony spine has been seen in one
pre-contact specimen, 18/ but no
obvious cases of neoplasm were described
in Cook's journals.
Trauma from accidents or intentional
violence was probably the most
common class of ailments, as recorded
in writings, 19/ and as observed in
skeletal remains. 20/ "Poisoning" may
have been due more to psychic effects
21/ than to direct pharmaceutical
toxicity, because the pre-contact
islands apparently had no lethally
poisonous plants. 2_2/ The only type
of chemical self-abuse known in old
Hawaii was "kava debauchery,"
described among some ali'i in Cook's
journals. 23/
Mental illness was described in
the form of two natives who were
"wrong in their senses" in Cook's
journals. 24/ This single passage
contrasts with frequent other references
to the islanders being "social,
friendly, hospitable, humane,"
"blessed with frank and cheerful
disposition," and "mild and agreeable,
not easily excitable," 25/ which
support the views of subsequent
foreigners that the natives were adept
at coping with stress. 26/
Congenital-hereditary disorders
were apparent to Cook's men in a
young man "born with neither feet
nor hands," another "born blind," and
two dwarfs. 27/ Four cases of club
foot were found among the 1,117 precontact
persons buried at Mokapu. 28/
The described defects were probably
related to inbreeding. The survival
of these malformed natives beyond
infancy counters the later claims by
missionaries that infanticide was
traditional and widely practiced.
29/ Cook's journals record the Hawaiians
as being "totally unacquainted
with [Tahitians'] horrid custom of
destroying their newborn infants." 30/
The natives prized physical beauty and
practiced body molding of the infant
and child. 31/ Some degree of infanticide
of the severely deformed newborn
may have been practiced, but there
were no illegitimate births in the
modern sense, and generally every
child was lie pua (a flower) to be
cherished, assuring continuity of the
heritage and race. 32/
Medical Beliefs and Practices
Health and i l l n e s s were another
example of the all-pervading dualism
of the early Hawaiians' belief system,
l i k e sky and earth, sun and moon, male
and female, mind and body, and l i fe
and death. 33/
Wellness was maintaining mana,
quantifiable energy, which was both
i n h e r i t e d and acquired. Proper
balance of mana was promoted by
harmony with oneself, with o t h e r s , and
with the gods and nature, through
continuous communication with the
s p i r i t u a l realm and correct thought
and action. 34/ The kapu (taboo),
established by the kahuna ( p r i e s t s ),
sanctioned by the a l i ' i , and enforced
by a l l , fostered s e l f - d i s c i p l i n e and
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y in personal hygiene,
health-promotion, i l l n e s s - p r e v e n t i o n,
public s a n i t a t i o n , and respect for
nature, which was the domain of the
gods. 35/ Illness was loss of mana
from dysharmony, such as from
v i o l a t i o n of a kapu, offending a god,
or i l l - t h i n k i n g . 36/
The elderly were esteemed. Death
a f t e r a meaningful l i f e was welcomed
as a reuniting with one's ancestors in
the eternal s p i r i t u a l realm and
completion of a recurring cycle of
r e b i r t h and transfiguration into
kinolau (non-human forms) or reincarnation
into other human forms. 37/
{{p|101}}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 signs of nutritional deficiencies,
 such as rickets and scurvy, are
-apparent in the osseous materials. 17/
+apparent in the osseous materials. <u>17</u>/
 Evidence of metastatic cancer
 to the bony spine has been seen in one
-pre-contact specimen, 18/ but no
+pre-contact specimen, <u>18</u>/ but no
 obvious cases of neoplasm were described
 in Cook's journals.
 Trauma from accidents or intentional
 violence was probably the most
 common class of ailments, as recorded
-in writings, 19/ and as observed in
+in writings, <u>19</u>/ and as observed in
-skeletal remains. 20/ "Poisoning" may
+skeletal remains. <u>20</u>/ "Poisoning" may
 have been due more to psychic effects
-/ than to direct pharmaceutical
+<u>21</u>/ than to direct pharmaceutical
 toxicity, because the pre-contact
 islands apparently had no lethally
-poisonous plants. 2_2/ The only type
+poisonous plants. <u>22</u>/ The only type
 of chemical self-abuse known in old
-Hawaii was "kava debauchery,"
+Hawaii was "<u>kava</u> debauchery,"
-described among some ali'i in Cook's
+described among some <u>ali'i</u> in Cook's
-journals. 23/
+journals. <u>23</u>/
 Mental illness was described in
 the form of two natives who were
 "wrong in their senses" in Cook's
-journals. 24/ This single passage
+journals. <u>24</u>/ This single passage
 contrasts with frequent other references
 to the islanders being "social,
@@ Line 30: / Line 33: @@
 "blessed with frank and cheerful
 disposition," and "mild and agreeable,
-not easily excitable," 25/ which
+not easily excitable," <u>25</u>/ which
 support the views of subsequent
 foreigners that the natives were adept
-at coping with stress. 26/
+at coping with stress. <u>26</u>/
 Congenital-hereditary disorders
 were apparent to Cook's men in a
 young man "born with neither feet
 nor hands," another "born blind," and
-two dwarfs. 27/ Four cases of club
+two dwarfs. <u>27</u>/ Four cases of club
 foot were found among the 1,117 precontact
-persons buried at Mokapu. 28/
+persons buried at Mokapu. <u>28</u>/
 The described defects were probably
 related to inbreeding. The survival
@@ Line 47: / Line 51: @@
 missionaries that infanticide was
 traditional and widely practiced.
-/ Cook's journals record the Hawaiians
+<u>29</u>/ Cook's journals record the Hawaiians
 as being "totally unacquainted
 with [Tahitians'] horrid custom of
-destroying their newborn infants." 30/
+destroying their newborn infants." <u>30</u>/
 The natives prized physical beauty and
 practiced body molding of the infant
-and child. 31/ Some degree of infanticide
+and child. <u>31</u>/ Some degree of infanticide
 of the severely deformed newborn
 may have been practiced, but there
 were no illegitimate births in the
 modern sense, and generally every
-child was lie pua (a flower) to be
+child was <u>he pua</u> (a flower) to be
 cherished, assuring continuity of the
-heritage and race. 32/
+heritage and race. <u>32</u>/
 Medical Beliefs and Practices
-Health and i l l n e s s were another
+=====Medical Beliefs and Practices=====
 example of the all-pervading dualism
 of the early Hawaiians' belief system,
-l i k e sky and earth, sun and moon, male
+like sky and earth, sun and moon, male
-and female, mind and body, and l i fe
+and female, mind and body, and life
-and death. 33/
+and death. <u>33</u>/
 Wellness was maintaining mana,
 quantifiable energy, which was both
-i n h e r i t e d and acquired. Proper
+inherited and acquired. Proper
-balance of mana was promoted by
+balance of <u>mana</u> was promoted by
-harmony with oneself, with o t h e r s , and
+harmony with oneself, with others, and
 with the gods and nature, through
 continuous communication with the
-s p i r i t u a l realm and correct thought
+spiritual realm and correct thought
-and action. 34/ The kapu (taboo),
+and action. <u>34</u>/ The <u>kapu</u> (taboo),
-established by the kahuna ( p r i e s t s ),
+established by the <u>kahuna</u> (priests),
-sanctioned by the a l i ' i , and enforced
+sanctioned by the <u>ali'i</u>, and enforced
-by a l l , fostered s e l f - d i s c i p l i n e and
+by all, fostered self-discipline and
-r e s p o n s i b i l i t y in personal hygiene,
+responsibility in personal hygiene,
-health-promotion, i l l n e s s - p r e v e n t i o n,
+health-promotion, illness-prevention,
-public s a n i t a t i o n , and respect for
+public sanitation, and respect for
 nature, which was the domain of the
-gods. 35/ Illness was loss of mana
+gods. <u>35</u>/ Illness was loss of mana
 from dysharmony, such as from
-v i o l a t i o n of a kapu, offending a god,
+violation of a kapu, offending a god,
-or i l l - t h i n k i n g . 36/
+or ill-thinking. <u>36</u>/
 The elderly were esteemed. Death
-a f t e r a meaningful l i f e was welcomed
+after a meaningful life was welcomed
 as a reuniting with one's ancestors in
-the eternal s p i r i t u a l realm and
+the eternal spiritual realm and
 completion of a recurring cycle of
-r e b i r t h and transfiguration into
+rebirth and transfiguration into
-kinolau (non-human forms) or reincarnation
+<u>kinolau</u> (non-human forms) or reincarnation
-into other human forms. 37/
+into other human forms. <u>37</u>/
 {{p|101}}

Template:Nhsc-v1-101 - Revision history

Reid Ginoza at 01:34, 30 March 2006

Jennifer Wada at 09:58, 8 March 2006