Template:Nhsc-v1-103 - Revision history

Reid Ginoza at 01:50, 30 March 2006

2006-03-30T01:50:13Z

Reid Ginoza at 01:49, 30 March 2006

2006-03-30T01:49:47Z

Jennifer Wada at 09:59, 8 March 2006

2006-03-08T09:59:58Z

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segregation law established a
receiving leprosy hospital in
Honolulu and isolation of
lepers on the Kalaupapa peninsula
of the island of Molokai.
55/ One out of every 39 (2.6
percent) of native Hawaiians
was affected, whereas the
occurrence in non-Hawaiians was
one in 1,847. 56/ A peak of
1,310 active cases was reached
at the end of the century, and
over the 40 years since the
start of segregation, an
estimated 4,000 natives died of
this affliction. 57/
In 1853, 1861, 1873, and again
in 1882, smallpox took over
7,000 lives, in spite of
compulsory smallpox vaccination
in 1854. 58/
In 1857, an epidemic of colds,
headache, sore throat, and
deafness (influenza?) raged.
59/
In 1866, cough, chills, fever,
vomiting, nose bleeding, and
disability (dengue?) affected
hundreds.
In 1878-1880, whooping cough
brought death to 68 in
Honolulu. 60/
In 1888, whooping cough struck
again with 104 lives, and in
1890 diphtheria. 61/
In 1889-1890, measles and
dysentery killed 26. 62/
By the time of the overthrow of
the monarchy in 1893, the
native Hawaiian population was
reduced by 87 percent to about
40,000. 63/

Lack of Imraumty, Genetic and
Other Factors: Multiple factors
probably accounted for the steep
logarithmic decline in the population
of the pure Hawaiian. 64/ Introduced
infections, as cited above, in a
people who lacked immunity because of
their long isolation, not only
explained high and irregular direct
mortality, but could also explain the
decreased birth rate. Local, genital,
venereal, and other infections, and
general, systemic infections probably
impaired fertility in both men and
women, increased early and late fetal
deaths _in utero, and contributed to
neonatal and infant mortality, through
indirect general debility and
malnutrition. 65/
Latent genetic defects could have
predisposed to reduced birth rates,
66/ and probably account for the
natives' hypersusceptibility to
chronic infections, aside from
impaired immune mechanisms, such as in
leprosy and tuberculosis. 67/
Other chronic metabolic illnesses,
not readily or specifically diagnosable,
especially among the maka'-
ainana, but related largely to
conflicting life-styles, were probably
also taking their toll. These
disorders include arterial
hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart,
kidney, and lung failure, stroke, and
diabetes, so prevalent among modern
Hawaiians. 68/
Among the ali' i, these terminal
illnesses were identified as follows:
in 1854 Kamehameha III died at age 42
of convulsions and delirium that could
have been a stroke; in 1863 Kamehameha
IV died with asthma at the age of 29;
in 1872, at the age of 42, Kamehameha
V succumbed of "buttock abscess,
dropsy and asphyxia;" in 1883,
Princess Ke'elikolani died at age 57
of heart failure; in 1884, Queen Emma
died of stroke at the age of 49; and
in 1891, King Kalakaua died at the age
of 54 of "Bright1s disease" (kidney
failure). 69/
{{p|103}}

@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 reduced by 87 percent to about 40,000. <u>63</u>/
-<u>Lack of Imraumty, Genetic and
+<u>Lack of Immunity, Genetic and
 Other Factors</u>: Multiple factors
 probably accounted for the steep

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 lepers on the Kalaupapa peninsula
 of the island of Molokai.
-/ One out of every 39 (2.6
+<u>55</u>/ One out of every 39 (2.6
 percent) of native Hawaiians
 was affected, whereas the
 occurrence in non-Hawaiians was
-one in 1,847. 56/ A peak of
+one in 1,847. <u>56</u>/ A peak of
 ,310 active cases was reached
 at the end of the century, and
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 start of segregation, an
 estimated 4,000 natives died of
-this affliction. 57/
+this affliction. <u>57</u>/
 In 1853, 1861, 1873, and again
-in 1882, smallpox took over
+* In 1853, 1861, 1873, and again in 1882, smallpox took over 7,000 lives, in spite of compulsory smallpox vaccination in 1854. <u>58</u>/
 ,000 lives, in spite of
-compulsory smallpox vaccination
+* In 1857, an epidemic of colds, headache, sore throat, and deafness (influenza?) raged. <u>59</u>/
 in 1854. 58/
-In 1857, an epidemic of colds,
+* In 1866, cough, chills, fever, vomiting, nose bleeding, and disability (dengue?) affected
 hundreds.
-Lack of Imraumty, Genetic and
+* In 1878-1880, whooping cough brought death to 68 in Honolulu. <u>60</u>/
 Other Factors: Multiple factors
 probably accounted for the steep
 logarithmic decline in the population
-of the pure Hawaiian. 64/ Introduced
+of the pure Hawaiian. <u>64</u>/ Introduced
 infections, as cited above, in a
 people who lacked immunity because of
@@ Line 57: / Line 47: @@
 impaired fertility in both men and
 women, increased early and late fetal
-deaths _in utero, and contributed to
+deaths <u>in utero</u>, and contributed to
 neonatal and infant mortality, through
 indirect general debility and
-malnutrition. 65/
+malnutrition. <u>65</u>/
 Latent genetic defects could have
-predisposed to reduced birth rates,
+Latent genetic defects could have predisposed to reduced birth rates, <u>66</u>/ and probably account for the
 natives' hypersusceptibility to
 chronic infections, aside from
 impaired immune mechanisms, such as in
-leprosy and tuberculosis. 67/
+leprosy and tuberculosis. <u>67</u>/
 Other chronic metabolic illnesses,
 not readily or specifically diagnosable,
-especially among the maka'-
+especially among the <u>maka'ainana</u>, but related largely to
 conflicting life-styles, were probably
 also taking their toll. These
@@ Line 78: / Line 67: @@
 kidney, and lung failure, stroke, and
 diabetes, so prevalent among modern
-Hawaiians. 68/
+Hawaiians. <u>68</u>/
 Among the ali' i, these terminal
 illnesses were identified as follows:
 in 1854 Kamehameha III died at age 42
@@ Line 93: / Line 83: @@
 in 1891, King Kalakaua died at the age
 of 54 of "Bright1s disease" (kidney
-failure). 69/
+failure). <U>69</u>/
 {{p|103}}