Template:Nhsc-v1-104 - Revision history

Jennifer Wada at 04:30, 30 March 2006

2006-03-30T04:30:28Z

Jennifer Wada at 04:28, 30 March 2006

2006-03-30T04:28:48Z

Jennifer Wada at 10:00, 8 March 2006

2006-03-08T10:00:19Z

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Despair: Cultural conflict
resulted in disintegration of the old
social order. In 1819, despairing
because the kapu were no longer
effective, the Hawaiians themselves,
under the leadership of Kamehameha II,
Queen Kaahumanu, and High Priest
Hewahewa, formally abolished these
strict sacred laws that governed
personal hygiene and public sanitation.
70/ Gross pollution of person,
home, the land, and water followed, as
described and decried by the missionaries
and other foreigners. 71/ There
was decline of ali'i leadership and
stewardship as the chiefs sought
material luxury by exploitation of the
naka'ainana in sandalwood and other
trade with foreigners. 72/
with alienation from the land came
disruption of the 'ohana and replacement
of their traditional selfreliant,
ahupua'a subsistence economy
by an urban market economy. The
kahuna and 'ohana educational systems
disintegrated. New social ills
emerged, such as alcoholism, tobaccoism,
vagrancy, prostitution, and the
malnutrition of processed foods.
Finally, there was the perception by
the native Hawaiians, preached by the
missionaries, of the "superiority" of
certain western ways and material
culture, compared to native
"primitive" beliefs and practices.
The stress was too overwhelming for
many islanders. Some fled, like an
estimated 5,000 out-migrating
Hawaiians in 1850. Others despaired
inwardly, lost their will to live in a
haole-dominated new order that made
them strangers in their homeland, as
they sought the comfort of death. 73/
Inadequacy of Traditional Native
Medicine for Haole Illnesses
In this period of culture shock,
there evolved a makeshift, loose
health care system for native
Hawaiians with the following
characteristics.
Althougn the major gods had been
toppled, and the kahuna hierarchy
abolished, the kanuna lapa'au remaine
underground. These officially disenfranchised
kali aria, plus experienced
'ohana elders, and the patient
himself, continued to care for
"Hawaiian illnesses" as of yore, but
with some modifications. 74/
Newly-introduced plants, such as
the guava a"d eucalyptus, were incorporated
into the native materia
medica. Some western notions of
disease and the pharmaceutical action
of herbals on body functions were
adopted, therapeutic effects that wert
not mediated by the traditional native
concept of restoration of cana. However,
there was still some reliance on
aumakua, or family guardians, although
the senior gods had departed. 75/ As
the heiau ho'cla, as well as the other
heiau, were destroyed, formal training
of kahuna ceased. They were replaced
by more self-styled, poorly-trained or
untrained "kahuna," many of wnom
incurred the denunciation of missionaries,
other foreigners, and even some
native Hawaiians. 76/
"Hawaiian medicine for Hawaiian
disease" probably survived because at
that time, non-Hawaiian medicine was
no more effective. Psycho-spiritual
aspects of native medical care merged
with new beliefs, such as Christianity,
sometimes confusingly so, or were
abandoned so that little of the old
liturgy found its way into print when
the natives learned how to write. 77/
Haole illnesses, such as gonorrhea,
syphilis, cholera, diphtheria,
measles, mumps, smallpox, and tuberculosis,
did not respond to Hawaiian
medicine, and since there were too few
haole physicians initially to demonstrate
that haole medicine was no
better, some natives tried whatever
was called haole medicine. 78/
{{p|104}}

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 resulted in disintegration of the old
 social order. In 1819, despairing
-because the <u>kapu>/u> were no longer
+because the <u>kapu</u> were no longer
 effective, the Hawaiians themselves,
 under the leadership of Kamehameha II,
@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 they sought the comfort of death. <u>73</u>/
-:<u>Inadequacy of Traditional Native
+:<u>Inadequacy of Traditional Native Medicine for Haole Illnesses</u>
 In this period of culture shock,

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Despair: Cultural conflict
+<u>Despair</u>: Cultural conflict
 resulted in disintegration of the old
 social order. In 1819, despairing
-because the kapu were no longer
+because the <u>kapu>/u> were no longer
 effective, the Hawaiians themselves,
 under the leadership of Kamehameha II,
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 strict sacred laws that governed
 personal hygiene and public sanitation.
-/ Gross pollution of person,
+<u>70</u>/ Gross pollution of person,
 home, the land, and water followed, as
 described and decried by the missionaries
-and other foreigners. 71/ There
+and other foreigners. <u>71</u>/ There
-was decline of ali'i leadership and
+was decline of <u>ali'i</u> leadership and
 stewardship as the chiefs sought
 material luxury by exploitation of the
-naka'ainana in sandalwood and other
+maka'ainana in sandalwood and other
-trade with foreigners. 72/
+trade with foreigners. <u>72</u>/
-with alienation from the land came
-disruption of the 'ohana and replacement
+With alienation from the land came
-of their traditional selfreliant,
+disruption of the <u>'ohana</u> and replacement
-ahupua'a subsistence economy
+of their traditional self-reliant,
 by an urban market economy. The
-kahuna and 'ohana educational systems
+<u>kahuna</u> and <u>'ohana</u> educational systems
 disintegrated. New social ills
 emerged, such as alcoholism, tobaccoism,
@@ Line 39: / Line 40: @@
 Hawaiians in 1850. Others despaired
 inwardly, lost their will to live in a
-haole-dominated new order that made
+<u>haole</u>-dominated new order that made
 them strangers in their homeland, as
-they sought the comfort of death. 73/
+they sought the comfort of death. <u>73</u>/
 Inadequacy of Traditional Native
-Medicine for Haole Illnesses
+:<u>Inadequacy of Traditional Native
 In this period of culture shock,
 there evolved a makeshift, loose
@@ Line 49: / Line 52: @@
 Hawaiians with the following
 characteristics.
-Althougn the major gods had been
-toppled, and the kahuna hierarchy
+Although the major gods had been
-abolished, the kanuna lapa'au remaine
+toppled, and the <u>kahuna</u> hierarchy
 underground. These officially disenfranchised
-kali aria, plus experienced
+<u>kahuna</u>, plus experienced
-'ohana elders, and the patient
+<u>'ohana</u> elders, and the patient
 himself, continued to care for
 "Hawaiian illnesses" as of yore, but
-with some modifications. 74/
+with some modifications. <u>74</u>/
 Newly-introduced plants, such as
-the guava a"d eucalyptus, were incorporated
+the guava and eucalyptus, were incorporated
 into the native materia
 medica. Some western notions of
 disease and the pharmaceutical action
 of herbals on body functions were
-adopted, therapeutic effects that wert
+adopted, therapeutic effects that were
-not mediated by the traditional native
+<u>not</u> mediated by the traditional native
-concept of restoration of cana. However,
+concept of restoration of <u>mana</u>. However,
 there was still some reliance on
-aumakua, or family guardians, although
+<u>aumakua</u>, or family guardians, although
-the senior gods had departed. 75/ As
+the senior gods had departed. <u>75</u>/ As
-the heiau ho'cla, as well as the other
+the <u>heiau</u> <u>ho'ola</u>, as well as the other
-heiau, were destroyed, formal training
+<u>heiau</u>, were destroyed, formal training
-of kahuna ceased. They were replaced
+of <u>kahuna</u> ceased. They were replaced
 by more self-styled, poorly-trained or
-untrained "kahuna," many of wnom
+untrained "<u>kahuna</u>," many of whom
 incurred the denunciation of missionaries,
 other foreigners, and even some
-native Hawaiians. 76/
+native Hawaiians. <u>76</u>/
 "Hawaiian medicine for Hawaiian
 disease" probably survived because at
-that time, non-Hawaiian medicine was
+that time, <u>non</u>-Hawaiian medicine was
 no more effective. Psycho-spiritual
 aspects of native medical care merged
@@ Line 87: / Line 93: @@
 abandoned so that little of the old
 liturgy found its way into print when
-the natives learned how to write. 77/
+the natives learned how to write. <u>77</u>/
 Haole illnesses, such as gonorrhea,
 syphilis, cholera, diphtheria,
 measles, mumps, smallpox, and tuberculosis,
 did not respond to Hawaiian
 medicine, and since there were too few
-haole physicians initially to demonstrate
+<u>haole</u> physicians initially to demonstrate
-that haole medicine was no
+that <u>haole</u> medicine was no
 better, some natives tried whatever
-was called haole medicine. 78/
+was called <u>haole</u> medicine. <u>78</u>/
 {{p|104}}