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Jennifer Wada: /* Early Background */

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‎Early Background

Jennifer Wada at 10:33, 2 April 2006

2006-04-02T10:33:16Z

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2006-04-02T10:25:35Z

Jennifer Wada at 10:10, 8 March 2006

2006-03-08T10:10:40Z

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Education
A. INTRODUCTION
The chapter above on "Demographics"
presents the statistics on education
in Hawaii that are now available to
the Commission. This chapter will
review the historical development of
the educational system in Hawaii. It
will include criticisms of the system,
review proqrams that have been
initiated specifically for native
Hawaiians, and discuss native Hawaiian
participation in the educational
community.
B. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Early Background
Formal education as practiced in
the United States began in Hawaii
a f t e r the arrival of the Protestant
missionaries in 1820. Before that
time, learning was passed down orally
from one generation to another. For
the commoners (maka 'ainana ) this
process generally involved learning
the trades from elders. The a l i ' i
were instructed in the higher arts of
r e l i g i o n , ruling, and warfare.
The missionaries lost no time in
introducing their version of a formal
education system, although it was at
f i r s t r e s t r i c t e d to the a l i ' i , at the
l a t t e r ' s command. The missionaries'
f i r s t task was to reduce the h i t h e r to
oral Hawaiian language to written
form. Within a year of their a r r i v a l,
the missionaries developed the f i r st
Hawaiian alphabet. A year l a t e r , the
f i r s t textbook in Hawaiian was
printed--a sixteen-page primer with
the alphabet and rudimentary lessons.
When the a l i ' i gave the missionaries
permission to e s t a b l i s h schools
for commoners, the growth in numbers
of both students and schools was
phenomenal. By 1831, approximately
two-fifths of the population was
enrolled in schools. 1/ Throughout
the decade of the 1820's, the majority
of students were a d u l t s . Concerted
e f f o r t s were begun to teach children
in the 1830's, when the novelty of
education had worn off for the
a d u l t s .
Until 1840, education was the
domain of the Protestant missionaries,
with native Hawaiians as teachers.
After 1840, this control diminished
for two reasons. First, in 1840 a
law was enacted to provide for a
national system of common schools
supported by the government. As a
r e s u l t , for the f i r s t time the people
as a whole were required to send their
children to school. In 1845, the
l e g i s l a t u r e created a cabinet-level
position of Minister of Puhlic
I n s t r u c t i o n . The second reason for
t h i s diminished control was that
religious tolerance was declared a
government policy and other religious
s e c t s (primarily Catholic) began
e s t a b l i s h i n g schools. However, in
s p i t e of government d i r e c t i o n , the
schools maintained their sectarian
character u n t i l the end of the reign
of Kamehameha I I I in 1854.
By the middle of the nineteenth
century there were two types of
schools, government common free
schools and select schools. The
former comprised the free public
school system. The language of
i n s t r u c t i o n was Hawaiian, and the
students were taught by native
Hawaiian teachers. The select schools
were the private schools set up for
s p e c i f i c groups. Instruction was in
English. The Royal School, which was
established in 1839 by the Rev. Amos
Starr Cooke and his wife, was the
school that the children of the
highest-ranking a l i ' i attended. 2/ In
1842, another missionary established
Punahou, for missionary children.
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@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 ==B. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND==
-===Early Background===
+===<u>Early Background</u>===
 Formal education as practiced in
 the United States began in Hawaii

@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 the trades from elders. The <u>ali'i</u>
 were instructed in the higher arts of
-religion , ruling, and warfare.
+religion, ruling, and warfare.
 The missionaries lost no time in

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Education
+=Education=
 A. INTRODUCTION
 The chapter above on "Demographics"
 presents the statistics on education
@@ Line 8: / Line 10: @@
 the educational system in Hawaii. It
 will include criticisms of the system,
-review proqrams that have been
+review programs that have been
 initiated specifically for native
 Hawaiians, and discuss native Hawaiian
 participation in the educational
 community.
 B. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
-Early Background
+==B. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND==
 Formal education as practiced in
 the United States began in Hawaii
-a f t e r the arrival of the Protestant
+after the arrival of the Protestant
 missionaries in 1820. Before that
 time, learning was passed down orally
 from one generation to another. For
-the commoners (maka 'ainana ) this
+the commoners (<u>maka 'ainana</u>) this
 process generally involved learning
-the trades from elders. The a l i ' i
+the trades from elders. The <u>ali'i</u>
 were instructed in the higher arts of
-r e l i g i o n , ruling, and warfare.
+religion , ruling, and warfare.
 The missionaries lost no time in
 introducing their version of a formal
 education system, although it was at
-f i r s t r e s t r i c t e d to the a l i ' i , at the
+first restricted to the <u>ali'i</u>, at the
-l a t t e r ' s command. The missionaries'
+latter's command. The missionaries'
-f i r s t task was to reduce the h i t h e r to
+first task was to reduce the hither to
 oral Hawaiian language to written
-form. Within a year of their a r r i v a l,
+form. Within a year of their arrival,
-the missionaries developed the f i r st
+the missionaries developed the first
-Hawaiian alphabet. A year l a t e r , the
+Hawaiian alphabet. A year later, the
-f i r s t textbook in Hawaiian was
+first textbook in Hawaiian was
 printed--a sixteen-page primer with
 the alphabet and rudimentary lessons.
-When the a l i ' i gave the missionaries
-permission to e s t a b l i s h schools
+When the <u>ali'i</u> gave the missionaries
 for commoners, the growth in numbers
 of both students and schools was
 phenomenal. By 1831, approximately
 two-fifths of the population was
-enrolled in schools. 1/ Throughout
+enrolled in schools. <u>1</u>/ Throughout
 the decade of the 1820's, the majority
-of students were a d u l t s . Concerted
+of students were adults. Concerted
-e f f o r t s were begun to teach children
+efforts were begun to teach children
 in the 1830's, when the novelty of
 education had worn off for the
-a d u l t s .
+adults.
 Until 1840, education was the
 domain of the Protestant missionaries,
@@ Line 60: / Line 67: @@
 national system of common schools
 supported by the government. As a
-r e s u l t , for the f i r s t time the people
+result, for the first time the people
 as a whole were required to send their
 children to school. In 1845, the
-l e g i s l a t u r e created a cabinet-level
+legislature created a cabinet-level
-position of Minister of Puhlic
+position of Minister of Public
-I n s t r u c t i o n . The second reason for
+Instruction. The second reason for
-t h i s diminished control was that
+this diminished control was that
 religious tolerance was declared a
 government policy and other religious
-s e c t s (primarily Catholic) began
+sects (primarily Catholic) began
-e s t a b l i s h i n g schools. However, in
+establishing schools. However, in
-s p i t e of government d i r e c t i o n , the
+spite of government direction, the
 schools maintained their sectarian
-character u n t i l the end of the reign
+character until the end of the reign
-of Kamehameha I I I in 1854.
+of Kamehameha III in 1854.
 By the middle of the nineteenth
 century there were two types of
@@ Line 81: / Line 89: @@
 former comprised the free public
 school system. The language of
-i n s t r u c t i o n was Hawaiian, and the
+instruction was Hawaiian, and the
 students were taught by native
 Hawaiian teachers. The select schools
 were the private schools set up for
-s p e c i f i c groups. Instruction was in
+specific groups. Instruction was in
 English. The Royal School, which was
 established in 1839 by the Rev. Amos
 Starr Cooke and his wife, was the
 school that the children of the
-highest-ranking a l i ' i attended. 2/ In
+highest-ranking <u>ali'i</u> attended. <u>2</u>/ In
 , another missionary established
 Punahou, for missionary children.
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