Template:Nhsc-v1-158 - Revision history

Jennifer Wada at 02:14, 8 April 2006

2006-04-08T02:14:19Z

Jennifer Wada at 10:44, 7 April 2006

2006-04-07T10:44:09Z

Jennifer Wada at 10:27, 8 March 2006

2006-03-08T10:27:53Z

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After deliberation by the chiefs
and the king's advisors, a constitution
was signed by the king and kuhina
nui in 1840. The Constitution of 1840
put in writing for the first time a
plan of the government and a
description of the powers and duties
of various officials within the
government. In brief, the
constitution provided that:
• The king and the kuhina nui
together wielded supreme
executive authority.
• Four governors, subject to the
king and kuhina nui, would have
charge of matters of government
not assigned to other
officials.
, • The lawmaking power was lodged
in a legislative body
consisting of two branches: a
council of chiefs, including
the king and kuhina nui (later
called house of nobles), and a
representative body chosen by
the people.
• A supreme court was created to
be composed of the king, kuhina
nui, and four other judges
appointed by the lower branch
of the legislature.
Three Organic Acts adopted from
1345 to 1847 elaborated on the
constitution. They set up an
administrative and judicial system of
the Anglo-American type. The first
act defined the organization of the
executive branch. The second defined
the functions of the five executive
departments, includinq an article that
established a Board of Commissioners
to Quiet Land Titles. The third
organized the judiciary.
Through these Organic Acts, the
administrative and judicial systems
developed more toward the
Anglo-American style advocated by the
foreigners holding positions in the
government. As the number of these
foreigners in the government
increased, protests were made to the
king by native Hawaiians. In 1845, a
petition was sent to the king fron
Lahaina asking him to dismiss all
naturalized forei oners he had
appointed as officers of the kingdom.
61/ The petition was not acted upon.
At the same time, the land system
was undergoing drastic changes from
the previous system. The Great Mahele
of 1848 divided land in the kir.gd^n
into two parts--iand belongiri'.' to th«
king and land belonging to the
konohiki, or chiefs. The next day,
after the last mahele (division) with
the konohiki, the king divided his
land again m two parts with the
larger part designated as "qovernner.t"
land under the control of the
legislative council. The smaller part
was known as the "Crown Lands" and
belonged to the king. At about the
same time, kuleana were awarded in fee
simple to native Hawaiian tenants.*
By 1851 the Constitution of lb4C
was out of date, given the numerous
developments in the government syster,
since that time. A new constitution
was approved by the legislature in
1852. The powers of Government were
divided into executive, legislative,
and judicial branches. The king was
declared the "Supreme Executive
Magistrate," although his powers were
somewhat limited by the kuhina nui.
The privy council continued to play an
important role. Ministers were
appointed by the king, as were
governors. Legislative power was
vested in the kina, the house of
nobles, and the house of representatives,
each with veto powers over
the others.
*/ For a more complete explanat:-
of the land system changes, see Pai-i
II, "Land Laws and Land Relationships.
"
{{p|158}}

@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 was known as the "Crown Lands" and
 belonged to the king. At about the
-same time, kuleana were awarded in fee
+same time, <u>kuleana</u> were awarded in fee
-simple to native Hawaiian tenants.{{*}}
+simple to native Hawaiian tenants.<u>{{*}}</u>/
-By 1851 the Constitution of lb4C
+By 1851 the Constitution of 1840
 was out of date, given the numerous
 developments in the government system
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 the others.
-{{*}}/ For a more complete explanation
+<u>{{*}}</u>/ For a more complete explanation
-of the land system changes, see Pai-i
+of the land system changes, see Part
 II, "Land Laws and Land Relationships."
 {{p|158}}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 After deliberation by the chiefs
 and the king's advisors, a constitution
-was signed by the king and kuhina
+was signed by the king and <u>kuhina
-nui in 1840. The Constitution of 1840
+nui</u> in 1840. The Constitution of 1840
 put in writing for the first time a
 plan of the government and a
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 government. In brief, the
 constitution provided that:
-• The king and the kuhina nui
-together wielded supreme
+:*The king and the <u>kuhina nui</u> together wielded supreme executive authority.
 executive authority.
-• Four governors, subject to the
+:*Four governors, subject to the king and <u>kuhina nui</u>, would have charge of matters of government not assigned to other officials.
 king and kuhina nui, would have
-charge of matters of government
+:*The lawmaking power was lodged in a legislative body consisting of two branches: a council of chiefs, including the king and <u>kuhina nui</u> (later called house of nobles), and a representative body chosen by the people.
 not assigned to other
-officials.
+:*A supreme court was created to be composed of the king, <u>kuhina nui</u>, and four other judges appointed by the lower branch of the legislature.
-, • The lawmaking power was lodged
 Three Organic Acts adopted from
 to 1847 elaborated on the
@@ Line 38: / Line 26: @@
 executive branch. The second defined
 the functions of the five executive
-departments, includinq an article that
+departments, including an article that
 established a Board of Commissioners
 to Quiet Land Titles. The third
 organized the judiciary.
 Through these Organic Acts, the
 administrative and judicial systems
@@ Line 51: / Line 40: @@
 increased, protests were made to the
 king by native Hawaiians. In 1845, a
-petition was sent to the king fron
+petition was sent to the king from
 Lahaina asking him to dismiss all
-naturalized forei oners he had
+naturalized foreigners he had
 appointed as officers of the kingdom.
-/ The petition was not acted upon.
+<u>61</u>/ The petition was not acted upon.
 At the same time, the land system
 was undergoing drastic changes from
 the previous system. The Great Mahele
-of 1848 divided land in the kir.gd^n
+of 1848 divided land in the kingdom
-into two parts--iand belongiri'.' to th«
+into two parts--land belonging to the
 king and land belonging to the
-konohiki, or chiefs. The next day,
+<u>konohiki</u>, or chiefs. The next day,
-after the last mahele (division) with
+after the last <u>mahele</u> (division) with
-the konohiki, the king divided his
+the <u>konohiki</u>, the king divided his
 land again m two parts with the
-larger part designated as "qovernner.t"
+larger part designated as "government"
 land under the control of the
 legislative council. The smaller part
@@ Line 72: / Line 62: @@
 belonged to the king. At about the
 same time, kuleana were awarded in fee
-simple to native Hawaiian tenants.*
+simple to native Hawaiian tenants.{{*}}
 By 1851 the Constitution of lb4C
 was out of date, given the numerous
-developments in the government syster,
+developments in the government system
 since that time. A new constitution
 was approved by the legislature in
@@ Line 83: / Line 74: @@
 declared the "Supreme Executive
 Magistrate," although his powers were
-somewhat limited by the kuhina nui.
+somewhat limited by the <u>kuhina nui</u>.
 The privy council continued to play an
 important role. Ministers were
 appointed by the king, as were
 governors. Legislative power was
-vested in the kina, the house of
+vested in the king, the house of
 nobles, and the house of representatives,
 each with veto powers over
 the others.
-*/ For a more complete explanat:-
 of the land system changes, see Pai-i
-II, "Land Laws and Land Relationships.
+II, "Land Laws and Land Relationships."
 {{p|158}}