Template:Nhsc-v1-160 - Revision history

Jennifer Wada at 02:21, 8 April 2006

2006-04-08T02:21:26Z

Jennifer Wada at 11:07, 7 April 2006

2006-04-07T11:07:12Z

Jennifer Wada at 11:02, 7 April 2006

2006-04-07T11:02:04Z

Jennifer Wada at 10:28, 8 March 2006

2006-03-08T10:28:39Z

New page

possession of the islands as a
conquest, or for the purpose of
colonization, and that no power ought
to seek for any undue control over the
e x i s t i n g Government, or any exclusive
p r i v i l e g e s or preferences in matters
of commerce.M 67/ The document was
sent to Great Britain and France and
became known as the "Tyler Doctrine,"
d t t e r the then-President John Tyler.
Havinq successfully completed their
negotiation in the United States, the
k i n g ' s representatives left for Europe
to continue their quest for formal
recognition. Before they could
complete negotiations for recognition
in Europe, however, the "Paulet
Affair" intervened.
Lord Paulet, captain of the British
f r i g a t e Carysfort, was sent to
Honolulu to protect B r i t i s h i n t e r e s ts
as a result of complaints--mainly
about land--by the acting B r i t i sh
consul in Honolulu, Alexander Simpson.
Paulet made demands on the Hawaiian
government and threatened to f i r e upon
Honolulu if they were not met.
To avoid c o n f l i c t , the king made a
provisional cession of the islands to
Great Britain on February 25, 1843.
Until the end of July, the Hawaiian
Islands were under the British flag.
When : t was informed of what Paulet
had dene, the B r i t i s h Government
disavowed P a u l e t ' s act and sent Rear
Admiral Richard Thomas to restore
Hawaiian sovereignty, which he did on
July 31, 1843.
After this episode was resolved,
the Hawaiian delegation continued
t h ^ i r European negotiations. Finally,
on November 11, 1843, a j o i nt
d e c l a r a t i o n was sianed in London by
which the Cvieen of Great Britain and
the K;ng of France recognized the
independence of the Sandvich
(Hawaiian) Islands. The United States
refused to sign the ceclaration on the
grounds that it was contrary to
America's policy of avoiding
entangling a l l i a n c e s . Instead, the
United States stood by the Tyler
Doctrine.
Despite this formal recognition of
independence, nequi table t r e a t i es
were s t i l l a problem for Hawaii. In
1844, the British presented the
Hawaiian Government with a convenrion
with objectionable a r t i c l e s sicu lar to
those of the Laplace Convention of
1839. The government signed the
convention but wrote to the nead of
the British foreign office seekinu
modifications. New t r e a t i e s were
signed with Britain and France in
1846, s t i l l with objectionable
a r t i c l e s on tracie preferences and the
composition of j u r i e s.
In the mid-1340's and 1850's Hawaii
was finally able to achieve equitable
t r e a t i e s . In 1846 Hawaii signed a
s a t i s f a c t o r y treaty with Denmark that
did not contain the r e s t r i c t i ve
clauses of the Biitish and French
t r e a t i e s . Eventually, even Britain
and the United States relaxed their
discriminatory a t t i t u d e s . By the
1840's, the a r t i c l e s of arrangement
with the United States, which had
f i r s t been negotiated in 1826, hac
ceased to be regarded as a vaiid
t r e a t y . A new treaty s a t i s f a c t o r y tc
the Hawaiian Government was signed in
1849 and remained in effect until the
annexation. The American treaty
served as the basis for a new, more
equitable treaty with Great Britain,
signed in 1851. In turn, this treaty
was the basis for t r e a t i e s yith Sweden
and Norway in 1852.
Thus Hawaii progressed toward more
equitable treaty r e l a t i o n s . France
was an exception, since it continued
to i n s i s t upon a r t i c l e s objectionable
to the Hawaiian Government.
Moreover, most-favored-r.ation clauses
enabled other nations to claim, the
benefits of the r e s t r i c t i v e clauses in
the French treaty.
Trade and Annexation
Economic development in the late
1840's and early 1850's foreshadowed
the dominant role the United States
{{p|160}}

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 existing Government, or any exclusive
 privileges or preferences in matters
-of commerce.M <u>67</u>/ The document was
+of commerce." <u>67</u>/ The document was
 sent to Great Britain and France and
 became known as the "Tyler Doctrine,"
-dtter the then-President John Tyler.
+after the then-President John Tyler.
 Having successfully completed their
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 Until the end of July, the Hawaiian
 Islands were under the British flag.
-When : t was informed of what Paulet
+When it was informed of what Paulet
 had done, the British Government
 disavowed Paulet's act and sent Rear
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 Despite this formal recognition of
-independence, nequi table treaties
+independence, inequitable treaties
 were still a problem for Hawaii. In
 , the British presented the
-Hawaiian Government with a convenrion
+Hawaiian Government with a convention
-with objectionable articles sicular to
+with objectionable articles similar to
 those of the Laplace Convention of
 . The government signed the
@@ Line 70: / Line 70: @@
 signed with Britain and France in
 , still with objectionable
-articles on tracie preferences and the
+articles on trade preferences and the
 composition of juries.
@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 Thus Hawaii progressed toward more
-equitable treaty relations . France
+equitable treaty relations. France
 was an exception, since it continued
 to insist upon articles objectionable

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 Lord Paulet, captain of the British
-frigate Carysfort, was sent to
+frigate <u>Carysfort</u>, was sent to
 Honolulu to protect British interests
 as a result of complaints--mainly

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 colonization, and that no power ought
 to seek for any undue control over the
-e x i s t i n g Government, or any exclusive
+existing Government, or any exclusive
-p r i v i l e g e s or preferences in matters
+privileges or preferences in matters
-of commerce.M 67/ The document was
+of commerce.M <u>67</u>/ The document was
 sent to Great Britain and France and
 became known as the "Tyler Doctrine,"
-d t t e r the then-President John Tyler.
+dtter the then-President John Tyler.
-Havinq successfully completed their
 negotiation in the United States, the
-k i n g ' s representatives left for Europe
+king's representatives left for Europe
 to continue their quest for formal
 recognition. Before they could
@@ Line 17: / Line 18: @@
 in Europe, however, the "Paulet
 Affair" intervened.
 Lord Paulet, captain of the British
-f r i g a t e Carysfort, was sent to
+frigate Carysfort, was sent to
-Honolulu to protect B r i t i s h i n t e r e s ts
+Honolulu to protect British interests
 as a result of complaints--mainly
-about land--by the acting B r i t i sh
+about land--by the acting British
 consul in Honolulu, Alexander Simpson.
 Paulet made demands on the Hawaiian
-government and threatened to f i r e upon
+government and threatened to fire upon
 Honolulu if they were not met.
-To avoid c o n f l i c t , the king made a
 provisional cession of the islands to
 Great Britain on February 25, 1843.
@@ Line 32: / Line 35: @@
 Islands were under the British flag.
 When : t was informed of what Paulet
-had dene, the B r i t i s h Government
+had done, the British Government
-disavowed P a u l e t ' s act and sent Rear
+disavowed Paulet's act and sent Rear
 Admiral Richard Thomas to restore
 Hawaiian sovereignty, which he did on
 July 31, 1843.
 After this episode was resolved,
 the Hawaiian delegation continued
-t h ^ i r European negotiations. Finally,
+their European negotiations. Finally,
-on November 11, 1843, a j o i nt
+on November 11, 1843, a joint
-d e c l a r a t i o n was sianed in London by
+declaration was signed in London by
-which the Cvieen of Great Britain and
+which the Queen of Great Britain and
-the K;ng of France recognized the
+the King of France recognized the
-independence of the Sandvich
+independence of the Sandwich
 (Hawaiian) Islands. The United States
-refused to sign the ceclaration on the
+refused to sign the declaration on the
 grounds that it was contrary to
 America's policy of avoiding
-entangling a l l i a n c e s . Instead, the
+entangling alliances. Instead, the
 United States stood by the Tyler
 Doctrine.
 Despite this formal recognition of
-independence, nequi table t r e a t i es
+independence, nequi table treaties
-were s t i l l a problem for Hawaii. In
+were still a problem for Hawaii. In
 , the British presented the
 Hawaiian Government with a convenrion
-with objectionable a r t i c l e s sicu lar to
+with objectionable articles sicular to
 those of the Laplace Convention of
 . The government signed the
-convention but wrote to the nead of
+convention but wrote to the head of
-the British foreign office seekinu
+the British foreign office seeking
-modifications. New t r e a t i e s were
+modifications. New treaties were
 signed with Britain and France in
-, s t i l l with objectionable
+, still with objectionable
-a r t i c l e s on tracie preferences and the
+articles on tracie preferences and the
-composition of j u r i e s.
+composition of juries.
 In the mid-1340's and 1850's Hawaii
 was finally able to achieve equitable
-t r e a t i e s . In 1846 Hawaii signed a
+treaties. In 1846 Hawaii signed a
-s a t i s f a c t o r y treaty with Denmark that
+satisfactory treaty with Denmark that
-did not contain the r e s t r i c t i ve
+did not contain the restrictive
-clauses of the Biitish and French
+clauses of the British and French
-t r e a t i e s . Eventually, even Britain
+treaties. Eventually, even Britain
 and the United States relaxed their
-discriminatory a t t i t u d e s . By the
+discriminatory attitudes. By the
-'s, the a r t i c l e s of arrangement
+'s, the articles of arrangement
 with the United States, which had
-f i r s t been negotiated in 1826, hac
+first been negotiated in 1826, had
-ceased to be regarded as a vaiid
+ceased to be regarded as a valid
-t r e a t y . A new treaty s a t i s f a c t o r y tc
+treaty. A new treaty satisfactory to
 the Hawaiian Government was signed in
 and remained in effect until the
@@ Line 87: / Line 93: @@
 equitable treaty with Great Britain,
 signed in 1851. In turn, this treaty
-was the basis for t r e a t i e s yith Sweden
+was the basis for treaties with Sweden
 and Norway in 1852.
 Thus Hawaii progressed toward more
-equitable treaty r e l a t i o n s . France
+equitable treaty relations . France
 was an exception, since it continued
-to i n s i s t upon a r t i c l e s objectionable
+to insist upon articles objectionable
 to the Hawaiian Government.
-Moreover, most-favored-r.ation clauses
+Moreover, most-favored-nation clauses
 enabled other nations to claim, the
-benefits of the r e s t r i c t i v e clauses in
+benefits of the restrictive clauses in
 the French treaty.
 Trade and Annexation
 Economic development in the late
 's and early 1850's foreshadowed
 the dominant role the United States
 {{p|160}}