Jennifer Wada at 11:06, 7 April 2006

2006-04-07T11:06:47Z

Jennifer Wada at 10:29, 8 March 2006

2006-03-08T10:29:01Z

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would play in economic and political
matters in Hawaii through the rest of
the century. The latter years of the
reign of Kamehameha III saw an
increase in trade between Hawaii and
the West Coast of the North American
continent. The primary impetus was
the acquisition of California and
Oregon by the United States, the
discovery of gold in California, and
the subsequent influx of population
requiring supplies more easily
obtained from Hawaii than from the
U.S. eastern seaboard.
This expansion of the United States
to the Pacific engendered an
"exuberant expansionism, " and convinced
many that "it was the 'manifest
destiny' of the United States to
overspread the whole North American
continent and the adjacent islands."
68/ Kuykendall notes that this
expansionism would have a significant
impact on Hawaii. Specifically, it
gave birth in the United States to the
idea that Hawaii should be annexed to
the American Union, and aroused
apprehension in Hawaii as to the
possible effect of "this onflowing and
seeminqly resistless tide upon the
destiny of the little island kingdom."
_6_i/
The sugar industry progressed in
Hawaii, stimulated by the new markets
on the U.S. West Coast. One problem
with this market, however, was the
high U.S. tariff wall and the
necessity to compete with low-cost
sugars from Manila and China. Labor
supply became a problem as the sugar
industry grew concurrently with the
decline in the native Hawaiian
population. Approximately 200 Chinese
contract laborers were brought in for
the first time to alleviate the
shortage during 1852.
Trade goods were not the only
commodity some Hawaiians thought might
he travelling between California and
Hawaii. Rumors abounded that groups
of filibusterers were poised in San
Francisco ready to descend upon Hawaii
and attempt to overthrow the government.
Other troubles at this time also
put the political stability of the
monarchy in doubt again. The French
menaced once more, sending warships to
Hawaii. Then a smallpox epidemic
broke out. Partially as a result of
the way the epidemic was handled,
there was a political upheaval in 1853
and one of the kinq's ministers,
Gerritt Judd, was dismissed.
During this upheaval the topic of
annexation to the United States came
to the fore. Some viewed annexation
as "Manifest Destiny;" others
considered it the means to ensure that
the islands did not fall into the
hands of Great Britain or France;
everyone knew that the economy of the
islands would benefit if the U.S.
tariff on sugar could be eliminated.
70/
The king, beset by internal
squabbles, annexationists, and
external pressures, began to despair
of the future. Secretly, he sent a
proclamation to the United States
Commissioner requesting assistance in
case Hawaii were attacked. The
proclamation said, in part, that the
king and kuhina nui:
Hereby proclaim as our Royal
will and pleasure, that all our
Islands, and all our rights as
sovereign over them, are from
the date hereof, placed under
the protection and safeguards
of the United States of America
until some arrangements can be
made to place our said
relations with France upon a
footing compatible with my
rights as an independent
sovereign,...or if such
arrangements should be found
impracticable, then it is our
wish and pleasure that the
protection aforesaid under the
United States of America be
perpetual. 71/
{{p|161}}

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 obtained from Hawaii than from the
 U.S. eastern seaboard.
 This expansion of the United States
 to the Pacific engendered an
@@ Line 20: / Line 21: @@
 overspread the whole North American
 continent and the adjacent islands."
-/ Kuykendall notes that this
+<u>68</u>/ Kuykendall notes that this
 expansionism would have a significant
 impact on Hawaii. Specifically, it
@@ Line 28: / Line 29: @@
 apprehension in Hawaii as to the
 possible effect of "this onflowing and
-seeminqly resistless tide upon the
+seemingly resistless tide upon the
 destiny of the little island kingdom."
-_6_i/
+<u>69</u>/
 The sugar industry progressed in
 Hawaii, stimulated by the new markets
@@ Line 45: / Line 47: @@
 the first time to alleviate the
 shortage during 1852.
 Trade goods were not the only
 commodity some Hawaiians thought might
@@ Line 52: / Line 55: @@
 Francisco ready to descend upon Hawaii
 and attempt to overthrow the government.
 Other troubles at this time also
 put the political stability of the
@@ Line 60: / Line 64: @@
 the way the epidemic was handled,
 there was a political upheaval in 1853
-and one of the kinq's ministers,
+and one of the king's ministers,
 Gerritt Judd, was dismissed.
 During this upheaval the topic of
 annexation to the United States came
@@ Line 72: / Line 77: @@
 islands would benefit if the U.S.
 tariff on sugar could be eliminated.
-/
+<u>70</u>/
 The king, beset by internal
 squabbles, annexationists, and
@@ Line 81: / Line 87: @@
 case Hawaii were attacked. The
 proclamation said, in part, that the
-king and kuhina nui:
+king and <u>kuhina nui</u>:
 Hereby proclaim as our Royal
-will and pleasure, that all our
+:Hereby proclaim as our Royal will and pleasure, that all our Islands, and all our rights as sovereign over them, are from the date hereof, placed under the protection and safeguards of the United States of America until some arrangements can be made to place our said relations with France upon a footing compatible with my rights as an independent sovereign,...or if such arrangements should be found impracticable, then it is our wish and pleasure that the protection aforesaid under the United States of America be perpetual. <u>71</u>/
 {{p|161}}

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Jennifer Wada at 11:06, 7 April 2006

Jennifer Wada at 10:29, 8 March 2006