Jennifer Wada at 02:29, 8 April 2006

2006-04-08T02:29:05Z

Jennifer Wada at 10:29, 8 March 2006

2006-03-08T10:29:54Z

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United States. 76/ In qeneral, the
reign of Kamehameha IV narked the
beginning of the turning away from
American influence and toward a closer
relationship with England. This
relationship with symbolized by the
introduction of the Anglican Church
into Hawaii by the king and his wife,
^een Enma. 77/ The king and the
chiefs feared that the great
preponderance of American interests
(particularly missionary interests) in
Hawaii would lead to the overthrow of
the monarchy, annexation, and the
eventual extinction of the Hawaiian
race. 78/ The close call with
annexation in the waning years of the
reign of Kamehameha III (which
Alexander Liholiho had opposed, as
prince and heir apparent) confirmed
this suspicion.
Meanwhile, these years were years
of economic transition. Whaling
declined as the primary industry,
while the sugar industry grew
dramatically. After the California
gold rush, the sugar industry went
into a depression in Hawaii. However,
the U.S. Civil War provided the
necessary boost in the market to make
Hawaiian sugar the primary export of
the islands. Another factor in the
increase in output at this time were
improvements in mills, machinery, and
production methods.
The plantation agency system
developed to promote the industry.
The system, which was set up by the
larger business houses in Honolulu,
provided capital to and served as
centralized agents for individual
plantations. The larger of these
estabishments would eventually
consolidate into the "Big Five" sugar
factors (agents).
The problem of labor supply became
a:.te, sparred by the growth of the
agriculture industry and the continued
decline in the native population. 79/
More Chinese laborers were brought in,
but this was not a popular policy,
particularly among native Hawaiians.
The first Japanese laborers were
brought to Hawaii in 1368. In 1869,
Hawaiians held meetings during which
several resolutions were passed
against further importation of Chinese
contract labor and expressing *he
opinion that "the government should
bring here the people—men, women and
children—of a cognate race with
ourselves, as laborers, and to
increase the population of our group."
80/
In 1871, a treaty of friendship and
commerce was concluded with Japan.
The treaty contained provisions that
"the Hawaiian Government expected to
open the way for an extensive
immigration of Japanese laborers to
Hawaii." 81/ This goal was not
reached until after many years of
negotiation, however.
The continued growth of the sugar
industry depended on the existence of
an accessible market. For this
reason, the question of annexation was
still alive in the minds of sugar
planters, who were most interested in
getting out from under the heavy
import duties imposed upon them by the
U.S. Government. The Hawaiian
Government proposed an alternative—a
reciprocity treaty with the United
States to permit U.S. and Hawaiian
goods to be exchanged free of duty.
An emissary was sent to Washington to
negotiate such a treaty but it did not
pass the U.S. Senate. The Hawaiian
sugar industry was afforded some
relief, however, when the U.S. tariff
was lowered in 1859. In late 1866 the
reciprocity treaty was once more
brought forward, but it was again
defeated in the U.S. Congress.
One of the reasons for the defeat
of the treaty, according to
Kuykendall, was the mission of
Zephaniah 5. Spalding. He was sent to
Hawaii in late 1868 by U.S. Secretary
of State Seward 82/ "to observe and
report to Seward on the situation in
the islands and the probable effect of
the reciprocity treaty that was then
pending in the Senate." 83/ According
to Kuykendall, Spalding was "strongly
opposed to the reciprocity treaty, and
was in favor of annexation, which he
thought would be hastened by rejection
{{p|163}}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-United States. 76/ In qeneral, the
+United States. <u>76</u>/ In general, the
-reign of Kamehameha IV narked the
+reign of Kamehameha IV marked the
 beginning of the turning away from
 American influence and toward a closer
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 introduction of the Anglican Church
 into Hawaii by the king and his wife,
-^een Enma. 77/ The king and the
+Queen Emma. <u>77</u>/ The king and the
 chiefs feared that the great
 preponderance of American interests
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 the monarchy, annexation, and the
 eventual extinction of the Hawaiian
-race. 78/ The close call with
+race. <u>78</u>/ The close call with
 annexation in the waning years of the
 reign of Kamehameha III (which
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 prince and heir apparent) confirmed
 this suspicion.
 Meanwhile, these years were years
 of economic transition. Whaling
@@ Line 34: / Line 35: @@
 improvements in mills, machinery, and
 production methods.
 The plantation agency system
 developed to promote the industry.
@@ Line 41: / Line 43: @@
 centralized agents for individual
 plantations. The larger of these
-estabishments would eventually
+establishments would eventually
 consolidate into the "Big Five" sugar
 factors (agents).
 The problem of labor supply became
-a:.te, sparred by the growth of the
+acute, sparred by the growth of the
 agriculture industry and the continued
-decline in the native population. 79/
+decline in the native population. <u>79</u>/
 More Chinese laborers were brought in,
 but this was not a popular policy,
@@ Line 56: / Line 59: @@
 several resolutions were passed
 against further importation of Chinese
-contract labor and expressing *he
+contract labor and expressing the
 opinion that "the government should
 bring here the people—men, women and
@@ Line 62: / Line 65: @@
 ourselves, as laborers, and to
 increase the population of our group."
-/
+<u>80</u>/
 In 1871, a treaty of friendship and
 commerce was concluded with Japan.
@@ Line 69: / Line 73: @@
 open the way for an extensive
 immigration of Japanese laborers to
-Hawaii." 81/ This goal was not
+Hawaii." <u>81</u>/ This goal was not
 reached until after many years of
 negotiation, however.
 The continued growth of the sugar
 industry depended on the existence of
@@ Line 94: / Line 99: @@
 brought forward, but it was again
 defeated in the U.S. Congress.
 One of the reasons for the defeat
 of the treaty, according to
 Kuykendall, was the mission of
-Zephaniah 5. Spalding. He was sent to
+Zephaniah S. Spalding. He was sent to
 Hawaii in late 1868 by U.S. Secretary
-of State Seward 82/ "to observe and
+of State Seward <u>82</u>/ "to observe and
 report to Seward on the situation in
 the islands and the probable effect of
 the reciprocity treaty that was then
-pending in the Senate." 83/ According
+pending in the Senate." <u>83</u>/ According
 to Kuykendall, Spalding was "strongly
 opposed to the reciprocity treaty, and

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Jennifer Wada at 02:29, 8 April 2006

Jennifer Wada at 10:29, 8 March 2006