Jennifer Wada at 09:14, 8 April 2006

2006-04-08T09:14:25Z

Jennifer Wada at 10:31, 8 March 2006

2006-03-08T10:31:02Z

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Lunalilo died of pulmonary
tuberculosis in February 1874 after
barely a year on the throne. He
became the first Hawaiian monarch to
leave his property to a benevolent
institution—the Lunalilo Home for
poor, destitute, and infirm people of
Hawaiian blood.
Since Lunalio died without an heir,
the legislature once again had to
choose a king. David Kalakaua was
elected after a campaign in which he
was opposed by Queen Emma, the widow
of Kamehameha IV. This election
changed the line of succession from
the Kamehameha line to the Kalakaua
line.
G. THE RECIPROCITY TREATY (1875)
King Kalakaua was in favor of a
reciprocity treaty. Shortly after he
assumed the throne, he travelled to
the United States as a "good-will"
ambassador to promote its passage.
Some credit the eventual passage of
the treaty to the favorable impression
he made. Of this trip, Liliuokalani
says:
Yielding to the wishes of those
residents of his domain who were
from American or missionary
stock, my brother [Kalakaua] had
organized the neaotiatior. of a
treaty of closer alliance or
reciprocity with the United
States...The result of this visit
is well known. It secured that
for which the planters had gained
endorsement of the king, it
resulted in the reciprocity
treaty of January 3C, 1875. 90/
Liliuokalani states that support for
the treaty was not unanimous in
Hawaii. Some protected that it would
"put in peril the independence of our
nation." 91/
The reciprocity treaty finally
passed the U.S. Congress and was
signed in nid-1875 without the clause
on Pearl Harbor. It went into effect
in 1876. The treaty was renewed in
1887 with a clause giving the U.S.
Government exclusive right to use
Pearl Harbor, and this treaty remained
in effect until June 1890.
The 1876 treaty provided that
unrefined sugar, rice, and almost all
other Hawaiian products would be
admitted to the United States free of
duties. In return, a long list of
American products and manufactured
goods were admitted into Hawaii. r-.e
treaty also provided that, as lone as
it was in effect, Hawaii could not
offer the same kind of treaty to a.-.v
other nation.
The primary effect of the treaty
was a tremendous upsurge in the sugar
industry. Records show that in 1875,
before the treaty was in effect, 2 5
million pounds of sugar were exported.
By 1890, that amount had increased
ten-fold--250 million pounds of sugar
were exported. 9 2/
Since sugar cane requires large
amounts of water, extensive irrigation
was begun, with an assured market,
more capital was available to make
such improvements. The agency (or
factor) system became more important,
because it offered a centralized
system to sell and ship crops, finance
new ventures, and purchase equipment
needed by plantations. With the
growth in output, the need for labor
also increased. More than 55,000
immigrant laborers were brought to
Hawaii between 1877 and 1890.
Approximately one-half of these were
Chinese. Others were Japanese,
Portuguese, and European. 9 3/
However, the most significant
consequence of the reciprocity treaty
was the development of powerful
economic ties between Hawaii and the
United States. These economic ties
then intensified the political
consequences of the treaty. Russ
believes that:
The political consequences of
this reciprocity agreement
cannot be overestimated. When
Hawaii was finally annexed in
1898, practically everybody
{{p|166}}

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 poor, destitute, and infirm people of
 Hawaiian blood.
-Since Lunalio died without an heir,
 the legislature once again had to
 choose a king. David Kalakaua was
@@ Line 16: / Line 17: @@
 the Kamehameha line to the Kalakaua
 line.
 G. THE RECIPROCITY TREATY (1875)
 King Kalakaua was in favor of a
 reciprocity treaty. Shortly after he
@@ Line 26: / Line 29: @@
 he made. Of this trip, Liliuokalani
 says:
 Yielding to the wishes of those
-residents of his domain who were
+:Yielding to the wishes of those residents of his domain who were from American or missionary stock, my brother [Kalakaua] had organized the negotiation of a treaty of closer alliance or reciprocity with the United States...The result of this visit is well known. It secured that for which the planters had gained endorsement of the king, it resulted in the reciprocity treaty of January 30, 1875. <u>90</u>/
 from American or missionary
 Liliuokalani states that support for
 the treaty was not unanimous in
 Hawaii. Some protected that it would
 "put in peril the independence of our
-nation." 91/
+nation." <u>91</u>/
 The reciprocity treaty finally
 passed the U.S. Congress and was
@@ Line 53: / Line 47: @@
 Pearl Harbor, and this treaty remained
 in effect until June 1890.
 The 1876 treaty provided that
 unrefined sugar, rice, and almost all
@@ Line 59: / Line 54: @@
 duties. In return, a long list of
 American products and manufactured
-goods were admitted into Hawaii. r-.e
+goods were admitted into Hawaii. The
-treaty also provided that, as lone as
+treaty also provided that, as long as
 it was in effect, Hawaii could not
-offer the same kind of treaty to a.-.v
+offer the same kind of treaty to any
 other nation.
 The primary effect of the treaty
 was a tremendous upsurge in the sugar
 industry. Records show that in 1875,
-before the treaty was in effect, 2 5
+before the treaty was in effect, 25
 million pounds of sugar were exported.
 By 1890, that amount had increased
 ten-fold--250 million pounds of sugar
-were exported. 9 2/
+were exported. <u>92</u>/
 Since sugar cane requires large
 amounts of water, extensive irrigation
@@ Line 88: / Line 85: @@
 Approximately one-half of these were
 Chinese. Others were Japanese,
-Portuguese, and European. 9 3/
+Portuguese, and European. <u>93</u>/
 However, the most significant
 consequence of the reciprocity treaty
@@ Line 97: / Line 95: @@
 consequences of the treaty. Russ
 believes that:
 The political consequences of
-this reciprocity agreement
+:The political consequences of this reciprocity agreement cannot be overestimated. When Hawaii was finally annexed in 1898, practically everybody
 {{p|166}}

Template:Nhsc-v1-166 - Revision history

Jennifer Wada at 09:14, 8 April 2006

Jennifer Wada at 10:31, 8 March 2006