Reid Ginoza at 21:31, 9 April 2006

2006-04-09T21:31:44Z

Jennifer Wada at 10:43, 8 March 2006

2006-03-08T10:43:11Z

New page

to the body of written Old English
literature covering a period of about
four times as long, with a much larger
population.
The introduction of writing, and
contact with a third culture, led to a
strengthening of Hawai'i's culture
through Hawaiian documentation of
practices disapproved by the American
Calvinists. 20/ The Hawaiian
newspapers (some of which had come
into existence before 1900) were the
primary means through which
traditional and Western culture were
communicated to the adult population.
Hawaiian traditions were serialized in
the newspapers along with translations
of famous European works, such as
those of Shakespeare. The newspapers
were avidly read by a population that
was one of the most, if not the most
literate of its time. Literacy in the
United States was in fact considerably
deficient in comparison to the
Hawaiians of the nineteenth century.
Most of the Hawaiian population
actually learned to read and write
largely through their own efforts
prior to the missionary translation of
the Bible in 1839, and even before the
missionaries had standardized the
alphabet they would use in their
mission. This standardization
occurred in the mid-1820's when
missionaries voted to end the
confusion between consonant pairs such
as k_ and t_, w_ and v, and b^ and D_.
This vote resulted in a decision to
represent all native Hawaiian words
with the symbols a_, e_, i^, o_, u_, h_, k_,
1, m_, n, p, w, and to use other
symbols only in spelling words of
non-native origin. This alphabet was
subsequently used in all Protestant
mission and government publications,
and although challenged for a period
by a Catholic practice of occasionally
usinq t^, v, and r_ to represent k, w,
and 1, respectively, the same set of
symbols has survived until today. In
making their final decision on their
alphabet, the American missionaries
closely copied the decisions made by
English missionaries in the South
Pacific, and like the English failed
to establish standards for the marking
of phonemic vowel length and glottal
stop. Correcting this defect was the
first task of modern students of the
Hawaiian language.
The glottal stop, or 'okina, is a
phonemic consonant of Hawaiian and the
length of vowels is also a phonemic
feature distinguishing words. 21/
Neither of these are especially
unusual features in world languages.
English historically had a long/short
contrast in its vowels and
contemporary American English has a
glottal stop. (For example, the word
button pronounced bu'n differs from
the word bun in pronunciation only by
the presence of a glottal stop in most
American dialects.) The early
American missionaries were only
vaguely aware that words written
identically were somehow pronounced
differently, and they sometimes
referred to the effect of the phonemic
glottal stop and vowel length as
"accent" or "euphony." By 1864, the
missionary grammarian Alexander had
noted the importance of both the
'okina and vowel length, but he had
difficulty in transcribing them and
therefore made no attempt to use the
symbols for them consistently in his
writing.
Native Hawaiian speakers devised
a method to indicate the presence of a
long vowel, or 'okina, to eliminate
the possibility of word ambicruity. A
dash between consonants indicated a
pronunciation including long vowels
{{p|189}}

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 four times as long, with a much larger
 population.
 The introduction of writing, and
 contact with a third culture, led to a
@@ Line 8: / Line 9: @@
 through Hawaiian documentation of
 practices disapproved by the American
-Calvinists. 20/ The Hawaiian
+Calvinists. <u>20</u>/ The Hawaiian
 newspapers (some of which had come
 into existence before 1900) were the
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 those of Shakespeare. The newspapers
 were avidly read by a population that
-was one of the most, if not the most
+was one of the most, if not <u>the</u> most
 literate of its time. Literacy in the
 United States was in fact considerably
 deficient in comparison to the
 Hawaiians of the nineteenth century.
 Most of the Hawaiian population
 actually learned to read and write
@@ Line 35: / Line 37: @@
 missionaries voted to end the
 confusion between consonant pairs such
-as k_ and t_, w_ and v, and b^ and D_.
+as <u>k</u> and <u>t</u>, <u>w</u> and <u>v</u>, and <u>b</u> and <u>p</u>.
 This vote resulted in a decision to
 represent all native Hawaiian words
-with the symbols a_, e_, i^, o_, u_, h_, k_,
+with the symbols <u>a</u>, <u>e</u>, <u>i</u>, <u>o</u>, <u>u</u>, <u>h</u>, <u>k</u>,
-, m_, n, p, w, and to use other
+<u>l</u>, <u>m</u>, <u>n</u>, <u>p</u>, <u>w</u>, and to use other
 symbols only in spelling words of
 non-native origin. This alphabet was
@@ Line 46: / Line 48: @@
 and although challenged for a period
 by a Catholic practice of occasionally
-usinq t^, v, and r_ to represent k, w,
+using <u>t</u>, <u>v</u>, and <u>r</u> to represent <u>k</u>, <u>w</u>,
-and 1, respectively, the same set of
+and <u>l</u>, respectively, the same set of
 symbols has survived until today. In
 making their final decision on their
@@ Line 59: / Line 61: @@
 first task of modern students of the
 Hawaiian language.
 The glottal stop, or 'okina, is a
 phonemic consonant of Hawaiian and the
 length of vowels is also a phonemic
-feature distinguishing words. 21/
+feature distinguishing words. <u>21</u>/
 Neither of these are especially
 unusual features in world languages.
@@ Line 69: / Line 72: @@
 contemporary American English has a
 glottal stop. (For example, the word
-button pronounced bu'n differs from
+<u>button</u> pronounced bu'n differs from
-the word bun in pronunciation only by
+the word <u>bun</u> in pronunciation only by
 the presence of a glottal stop in most
 American dialects.) The early
@@ Line 82: / Line 85: @@
 missionary grammarian Alexander had
 noted the importance of both the
-'okina and vowel length, but he had
+<u>'okina</u> and vowel length, but he had
 difficulty in transcribing them and
 therefore made no attempt to use the
 symbols for them consistently in his
 writing.
 Native Hawaiian speakers devised
 a method to indicate the presence of a
-long vowel, or 'okina, to eliminate
+long vowel, or <u>'okina</u>, to eliminate
-the possibility of word ambicruity. A
+the possibility of word ambiguity. A
 dash between consonants indicated a
 pronunciation including long vowels
 {{p|189}}

Template:Nhsc-v1-189 - Revision history

Reid Ginoza at 21:31, 9 April 2006

Jennifer Wada at 10:43, 8 March 2006