Reid Ginoza at 00:33, 10 April 2006

2006-04-10T00:33:37Z

Jennifer Wada at 10:45, 8 March 2006

2006-03-08T10:45:23Z

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established as their own area of
influence and control led to
uneasiness and greater militancy and
radicalism among the English speakers.
It is significant that acts, such as
the Bayonet Constitution of 1887 and
the overthrow of the monarchy, came at
times when the goals of an independent
nation based on a Western model, as
espoused by the original missionaries,
were seriously being pursued by
Hawaiians and deliberately being
defrayed by the missionary community.
The Hawaiian movement to expand the
people's economic and political
control through skills in English and
other foreign languages never saw
fruition because whenever there was a
threat of success, violence was used
to prevent it. The establishment of
English medium schools actually
backfired on the Hawaiian people
during the Republic when the English
speakers legislated their personal
biases that English should completely
replace Hawaiian, and it became
official policy to do away with the
Hawaiian language completely. The few
Hawaiian medium schools remaining at
the time of the overthrow were
abolished by law, and English became
even more pervasive as its official
status formed a means for English
speakers to move into occupations,
such as lower-civil service, that
formerly required skill in Hawaiian
rather than English. Long after
annexation and well into the
territorial period, increased erosion
of the Hawaiian language and growth of
an English-speaking population led not
to an increase in the political,
social, and economic position of
Hawaiians, but to a decrease in these
areas proportionate to the loss of
skill in Hawaiian.
The government continued to use the
language in all business that dealt
with the general population, and
Hawaiian was secure in the churches,
in its role as the lingua franca of
the country even between non-Hawaiian
residents of different language
backgrounds. In 1888, when 84 percent
of the nation's 8,770 school children
were instructed through the medium of
English, and only 15 percent received
their education in Hawaiian, the vast
majority of the children had Hawaiian
as their dominant tongue. Over 75
percent of these children were of
Hawaiian ancestry and certainly native
speakers of Hawaiian. Queen
Kapi'olani in that year is described
by a personal servant as always
speaking Hawaiian and requesting a
translator when English was used.
Another 20 percent of the school
enrollment consisted of children of
plantation workers of various
non-English-speaking groups who were
certainly familiar with some Hawaiian.
Children of pure English and American
ethnic parentage made up less than 5
percent of the entire school
enrollment at the time and even in
this group it is certain that some of
them spoke Hawaiian. There are in
fact haole plantation families with
a history of children growing up
speaking Hawaiian before English
during the monarchical period.
Hawaiian remained the normal
vernacular of Hawal'i and the language
of the street in Hawal'i until between
1910 and 1920, when it was replaced by
pidgin English.
Hawaiian was still the dominant
language in terms of numbers of
speakers at the time of American
annexation in 1898, despite official
legislative policy replacing Hawaiian
with English. Since Hawaiian was- the
language understood by the majority of
the electorate and citizens of the
new territory, it was the language
used by politicians, including
non-Hawaiians. The language was also
used in the legislature, and a
provision of the Organic Act (Section
{{p|195}}

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 Hawaiians and deliberately being
 defrayed by the missionary community.
 The Hawaiian movement to expand the
 people's economic and political
@@ Line 45: / Line 46: @@
 areas proportionate to the loss of
 skill in Hawaiian.
 The government continued to use the
 language in all business that dealt
@@ Line 77: / Line 79: @@
 this group it is certain that some of
 them spoke Hawaiian. There are in
-fact haole plantation families with
+fact <u>haole</u> plantation families with
 a history of children growing up
 speaking Hawaiian before English
 during the monarchical period.
 Hawaiian remained the normal
-vernacular of Hawal'i and the language
+vernacular of Hawai'i and the language
-of the street in Hawal'i until between
+of the street in Hawai'i until between
 and 1920, when it was replaced by
 pidgin English.
 Hawaiian was still the dominant
 language in terms of numbers of
@@ Line 91: / Line 94: @@
 annexation in 1898, despite official
 legislative policy replacing Hawaiian
-with English. Since Hawaiian was- the
+with English. Since Hawaiian was the
 language understood by the majority of
 the electorate and citizens of the

Template:Nhsc-v1-195 - Revision history

Reid Ginoza at 00:33, 10 April 2006

Jennifer Wada at 10:45, 8 March 2006