Reid Ginoza at 23:44, 16 April 2006

2006-04-16T23:44:53Z

Reid Ginoza at 04:08, 9 March 2006

2006-03-09T04:08:32Z

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The ali'i nui...himself enjoyed no
absolute ownership of all the land.
The ali'i nui was a trustee of all
the people within an island or
some other larger district. The
konohiki also maintained a similar
tentative position because the
maka'ainana were free to leave the
ahupua'a if they were unhappy with
a particular chieftain...or
konohiki. In short, the members
throughout the political hierarchy
shared a mutual dependence in
sustaining their subsistence way
of life...j$/
However, the land itself was viewed
as belonqinq not to one individual but
to the gods. All the people, including
the ali'i, merely administered the
land for the benefit of the gods and
society as a whole.
The system, therefore, had no
analogy to ownership in fee simple
absolute. 9/ The high chief had
significant power: "the king was over
all the people; he was the supreme
executive, so long, however, as he did
right!" 10/ The native Hawaiians
believed that the power of the high
chief was divine power, channeled
through him by the gods, and that he
was a trustee of the land and other
resources on behalf of the gods. 11/
This concept continued down through
the political hierarchy.
Transition Period: 1778 to 1846
The arrival of westerners altered
socio-economic patterns in Hawaii. By
1795, King Kamahameha I had expanded
his rule to all of Hawaii except the
island of Kauai, in part by use of
European arms. An aristrocratic class
developed, which had to be serviced by
the Hawaiian economy. Further, the
activity of port communities and
demands of the sandalwood trade drew
the tanners from the land. The new
focus away from subsistence coincided
with the spread of Western diseases
and worsened the lot of the commoners.
Agriculture suffered as a result.
Traditional notions of responsibility
to chiefs were disrupted, and an
oppressive tax system was installed.
12/ The result, however, was greater
control by the king and greater
stability in landholding. 13/
In 1819, Kamehameha II became king,
and with the Dowager Queen Kaahumanu
as regent, ruled until 1825. He
decided not to disrupt the holdinqs of
his predecessor's subchiefs.
Foreigners wanted to codify this new
stability in landholdinqs. 14/
Therefore, when Kamehameha III became
king at age 12, the council of chiefs,
with some advice from an English
frigate captain, persuaded him to
adopt a formal policy allowing chiefs
to keep their land upon the king's
death. This policy was known as the
Law of 1825. During this time as
well, westerners were given lands by
the king or chiefs, so that they
entered the Hawaiian landholding
pattern. 15/ When the sandalwood
trade collapsed from overharvesting,
these westerners turned to largescale
plantation crops as a focus for
economic activity. 16/
In 1839, Kamehameha III set for*:-, a
Declaration of Rights providing that:
"Protection is hereby secured to the
persons of all the people, together
with their lands, their building lots
and all their property, and nothinq
whatever shall be taken from any
individual, except by express
provision of the laws." 17/ In 1840,
a written constitution was adopted.
It attempted to adjust land rights to
reflect the new relationships
described above. It was designed as
a final attempt to preserve the
traditional land system and to keep
native Hawaiians in their homes rather
than migrating to the developing port
areas of Honolulu and Lahaina. The
constitution, and laws enacted
pursuant to it, announced tenants'
rights for the first time ani lowered
254

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The ali'i nui...himself enjoyed no
+: The <u>ali'i nui</u>...himself enjoyed no absolute ownership of all the land. The <u>ali'i nui</u> was a trustee of all the people within an island or some other larger district. The <u>konohiki</u> also maintained a similar tentative position because the <u>maka'ainana</u> were free to leave the <u>ahupua'a</u> if they were unhappy with a particular chieftain...or <u>konohiki</u>. In short, the members throughout the political hierarchy shared a mutual dependence in sustaining their subsistence way of life...<u>8</u>/
 absolute ownership of all the land.
 However, the land itself was viewed
-as belonqinq not to one individual but
+as belonging not to one individual but
 to the gods. All the people, including
-the ali'i, merely administered the
+the <u>ali'i</u>, merely administered the
 land for the benefit of the gods and
 society as a whole.
 The system, therefore, had no
 analogy to ownership in fee simple
-absolute. 9/ The high chief had
+absolute. <u>9</u>/ The high chief had
 significant power: "the king was over
 all the people; he was the supreme
 executive, so long, however, as he did
-right!" 10/ The native Hawaiians
+right!" <u>10</u>/ The native Hawaiians
 believed that the power of the high
 chief was divine power, channeled
 through him by the gods, and that he
 was a trustee of the land and other
-resources on behalf of the gods. 11/
+resources on behalf of the gods. <u>11</u>/
 This concept continued down through
 the political hierarchy.
 Transition Period: 1778 to 1846
 The arrival of westerners altered
 socio-economic patterns in Hawaii. By
@@ Line 53: / Line 43: @@
 to chiefs were disrupted, and an
 oppressive tax system was installed.
-/ The result, however, was greater
+<u>12</u>/ The result, however, was greater
 control by the king and greater
-stability in landholding. 13/
+stability in landholding. <u>13</u>/
 In 1819, Kamehameha II became king,
 and with the Dowager Queen Kaahumanu
 as regent, ruled until 1825. He
-decided not to disrupt the holdinqs of
+decided not to disrupt the holdings of
 his predecessor's subchiefs.
 Foreigners wanted to codify this new
-stability in landholdinqs. 14/
+stability in landholdinqs. <u>14</u>/
 Therefore, when Kamehameha III became
 king at age 12, the council of chiefs,
@@ Line 74: / Line 65: @@
 the king or chiefs, so that they
 entered the Hawaiian landholding
-pattern. 15/ When the sandalwood
+pattern. <u>15</u>/ When the sandalwood
 trade collapsed from overharvesting,
 these westerners turned to largescale
 plantation crops as a focus for
-economic activity. 16/
+economic activity. <u>16</u>/
-In 1839, Kamehameha III set for*:-, a
 Declaration of Rights providing that:
 "Protection is hereby secured to the
 persons of all the people, together
 with their lands, their building lots
-and all their property, and nothinq
+and all their property, and nothing
 whatever shall be taken from any
 individual, except by express
-provision of the laws." 17/ In 1840,
+provision of the laws." <u>17</u>/ In 1840,
 a written constitution was adopted.
 It attempted to adjust land rights to
@@ Line 99: / Line 91: @@
 constitution, and laws enacted
 pursuant to it, announced tenants'
-rights for the first time ani lowered
+rights for the first time and lowered
+{{p|254}}

Template:Nhsc-v1-254 - Revision history

Reid Ginoza at 23:44, 16 April 2006

Reid Ginoza at 04:08, 9 March 2006