Reid Ginoza at 03:33, 18 April 2006

2006-04-18T03:33:35Z

Reid Ginoza at 04:09, 9 March 2006

2006-03-09T04:09:29Z

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in Privy Council. 32/ Under this
formulation, lands of the king were
distinguished between those he held as
king and his private lands. He was to
retain all his private lands, with a
right in his tenants "to a fee simple
title to one-third of the lands
possessed and cultivated by them"
whenever the king or tenants desired.
33/ The remaining land in the kingdom
was to be divided into thirds: onethird
to the Hawaiian government, onethird
to the chiefs and konohiki,
one-third to the tenant farmers. 34/
If he paid the government, a chief or
konohiki could also retain his proportional
share of the one-third which
was to go to the government; that is,
to get the land patent, the chief had
to pay the government either with
mopey or with one-third of the land to
which he sought title. 35/
The Great Mahele—or division—was
conducted from January 27 to March 7,
1848. Interests were written in the
Mahele Book. The king quit-claimed
his interest in specific ahupua'a and
ili under the control of 245 chiefs
and konohiki, and the chiefs in turn
quit-claimed to the king their
interests in the balance of the
divided lands, which became the king's
private lands, subject to the
commoners' claims. 36/
At the end of the process, the king
"set apart forever to the chiefs and
people of my kingdom" approximately
1.5 million acres (the Government
lands) and kept for himself, his
heirs, and successors approximately
one million acres (the Crown lands).
The remaining 1.5 million acres were
awarded to the chiefs, "reserving the
riqhts of the people." 37/ The
division was affirmed by legislation.
38/
To defeudalize the land totally,
the Commission also had to divide the
interests of the common people. By- an
1850 Act, each tenant was allowed to
apply for his own kuleana. Such land
could come from the Crown lands, from
the Government lands, or from the
other 1.5 million acres of the
kingdom. A kuleana could include onl;
land that was actually cultivated plus
a houselot of one-quarter acre. The
tenant had to prove his claim by 1854
and pay survey costs. In fact,
commoners received fewer than 30,000
acres under this Act. 39/ Only 26
percent of the adult male native
population received these lands. 40/
Several further statutes completed
the transition to a modern landholdinc
system. 41/ An Act of 1846 authorized
government land sales approved by the
king and Privy Council; by May 1,
1850, the government had sold over
27,000 acres under these laws. The
Kuleana Act discussed above also
provided that portions of government
land be set aside in lots of sizes
ranging from one to fifty acres for
purchase by natives who did not
qualify for kuleana rights. The
minimum price was 50 cents an acre.
By 1852, foreigners held thousands
of acres of land in Hawaii. Western
property concepts, which native
Hawaiians did not understand because
of the historic land tenure system,
would facilitate westerners in taking
over Hawaiian-owned lands durinq the
next decades. 42/ Many lands were
sold. Debts to westerners were often
paid in land. Those landowners who
attempted large-scale farming were
unable to manage cash plantations, and
lost property through foreclosure. 43/
Government lands also came into
western hands through sales. 44/
Kuleana lands were also conveyed to
westerners. Many kuleana rights were
lost through harrassment by illegal
diversion of water and foraging cattle
from large ranches. Furthermore, some
kuleana rights were forfeited because,
without the gathering and foraging
rights that had formerly been provided,
the kuleana could not accord
their owners subsistence. Kuleana
that were leased to westerners were
often not returned, as natural
256

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-in Privy Council. 32/ Under this
+in Privy Council. <u>32</u>/ Under this
 formulation, lands of the king were
 distinguished between those he held as
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 possessed and cultivated by them"
 whenever the king or tenants desired.
-/ The remaining land in the kingdom
+<u>33</u>/ The remaining land in the kingdom
 was to be divided into thirds: onethird
 to the Hawaiian government, onethird
-to the chiefs and konohiki,
+to the chiefs and <u>konohiki</u>,
-one-third to the tenant farmers. 34/
+one-third to the tenant farmers. <u>34</u>/
 If he paid the government, a chief or
-konohiki could also retain his proportional
+<u>konohiki</u> could also retain his proportional
 share of the one-third which
 was to go to the government; that is,
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 to pay the government either with
 mopey or with one-third of the land to
-which he sought title. 35/
+which he sought title. <u>35</u>/
 The Great Mahele—or division—was
 conducted from January 27 to March 7,
 . Interests were written in the
 Mahele Book. The king quit-claimed
-his interest in specific ahupua'a and
+his interest in specific <u>ahupua'a</u> and
-ili under the control of 245 chiefs
+<u>ili</u> under the control of 245 chiefs
-and konohiki, and the chiefs in turn
+and <u>konohiki</u>, and the chiefs in turn
 quit-claimed to the king their
 interests in the balance of the
 divided lands, which became the king's
 private lands, subject to the
-commoners' claims. 36/
+commoners' claims. <u>36</u>/
 At the end of the process, the king
 "set apart forever to the chiefs and
@@ Line 42: / Line 44: @@
 The remaining 1.5 million acres were
 awarded to the chiefs, "reserving the
-riqhts of the people." 37/ The
+riqhts of the people." <u>37</u>/ The
 division was affirmed by legislation.
-/
+<u>38</u>/
 To defeudalize the land totally,
 the Commission also had to divide the
-interests of the common people. By- an
+interests of the common people. By an
 Act, each tenant was allowed to
-apply for his own kuleana. Such land
+apply for his own <u>kuleana</u>. Such land
 could come from the Crown lands, from
 the Government lands, or from the
 other 1.5 million acres of the
-kingdom. A kuleana could include onl;
+kingdom. A <U>kuleana</u> could include only
 land that was actually cultivated plus
 a houselot of one-quarter acre. The
@@ Line 59: / Line 62: @@
 and pay survey costs. In fact,
 commoners received fewer than 30,000
-acres under this Act. 39/ Only 26
+acres under this Act. <u>39</u>/ Only 26
 percent of the adult male native
-population received these lands. 40/
+population received these lands. <u>40</u>/
 Several further statutes completed
-the transition to a modern landholdinc
+the transition to a modern landholding
-system. 41/ An Act of 1846 authorized
+system. <u>41</u>/ An Act of 1846 authorized
 government land sales approved by the
 king and Privy Council; by May 1,
 , the government had sold over
 ,000 acres under these laws. The
-Kuleana Act discussed above also
+<u>Kuleana</u> Act discussed above also
 provided that portions of government
 land be set aside in lots of sizes
 ranging from one to fifty acres for
 purchase by natives who did not
-qualify for kuleana rights. The
+qualify for <u>kuleana</u> rights. The
 minimum price was 50 cents an acre.
 By 1852, foreigners held thousands
 of acres of land in Hawaii. Western
@@ Line 82: / Line 87: @@
 of the historic land tenure system,
 would facilitate westerners in taking
-over Hawaiian-owned lands durinq the
+over Hawaiian-owned lands during the
-next decades. 42/ Many lands were
+next decades. <u>42</u>/ Many lands were
 sold. Debts to westerners were often
 paid in land. Those landowners who
 attempted large-scale farming were
 unable to manage cash plantations, and
-lost property through foreclosure. 43/
+lost property through foreclosure. <u>43</u>/
 Government lands also came into
-western hands through sales. 44/
+western hands through sales. <u>44</u>/
 Kuleana lands were also conveyed to
 westerners. Many kuleana rights were
 lost through harrassment by illegal
 diversion of water and foraging cattle
 from large ranches. Furthermore, some
-kuleana rights were forfeited because,
+<u>kuleana</u> rights were forfeited because,
 without the gathering and foraging
 rights that had formerly been provided,
-the kuleana could not accord
+the <u>kuleana</u> could not accord
-their owners subsistence. Kuleana
+their owners subsistence. <u>Kuleana</u>
 that were leased to westerners were
 often not returned, as natural
+{{p|256}}

Template:Nhsc-v1-256 - Revision history

Reid Ginoza at 03:33, 18 April 2006

Reid Ginoza at 04:09, 9 March 2006