Jennifer Wada at 01:07, 26 April 2006

2006-04-26T01:07:16Z

Jennifer Wada at 03:31, 10 March 2006

2006-03-10T03:31:06Z

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available to the United States in the
Pacific, with the exception of Samoa
which, geographically, was not as
important. Victory at Manila Bay
provided the impetus for victory for
the annexationists in Hawaii. On
May 4, 1898, three days after the
Battle of Manila, the Newlands Resolution
for Annexation was introduced
in the House of Representatives.
Although there was still a great deal
of opposition, the Resolution finally
passed on June 15, 1898. After more
lengthy debate in the Senate, annexation
was approved on July 6, 1898.
Formal transfer of sovereignty
occurred on August 12, 1898, when the
Hawaiian Islands became a United
States territory.
C. FURTHER ANALYSIS OF ANNEXATION
Why a Joint Resolution, Not a Treaty?
The reasons for the use of a joint
Congressional resolution (the Newlands
Resolution) rather than a treaty to
annex Hawaii to the United States can
be ascertained through the documented
history of the annexation proceedings
as well as by a review of world events
that affected United States policies
at the time. Several attempts to
annex Hawaii to the United States had
taken place prior to 1898, one as
early as 1854. 208/ The treaty process
was tried until the alternative joint
resolution process succeeded in 1898.
Although members of Congress and other
government officials, as well as
private citizens, advanced numerous
reasons to use a joint resolution, the
primary motivation was expediency. A
joint resolution required only a
simple majority of the Congress,
whereas a treaty would have required a
•.wo-thirds majority of the Senate.
209/ The need for annexation, by
whatever parliamentary means, was
believed urgent to protect the
strategic and military interests of
the" United States in the Pacific.
A short review of world events
prior to debate and passage of the
1898 resolution clearly shows the
sense of urgency its backers felt. A
treaty of annexation was negotiated
between the United States and Hawaii
on June 16, 1897, and ratified by the
Hawaiian Senate later that year. This
treaty was submitted to the United
States Senate on the same day it was
negotiated, but "embroiled in the
tariff and lacking a clear majority,
much less a two-thirds vote of the
membership, the Republican senatorial
leadership delayed action." 210/ In
the meantime, Japan protested against
annexation as harmful to its nationals
in Hawaii, who now made up the
majority of the cheap labor force on
the islands. President McKinley was
fearful that Japan would take possession
of Hawaii before the United
States could annex it. On the subject
of Japan, one author writes that in a
conversation with Senator Hoar,
McKinley stated that:
"We cannot let the islands go to
Japan... Japan has her eye on them.
Her people are crowding in there.
I am satisfied they do not go
there voluntarily, as ordinary
immigrants, but that Japan is
pressing them in there, in order
to get possession before anybody
can interfere." McKinley from the
first acted on the basis of his
new policy with a consciousness of
American defense, an appreciation
of the desirability of Pacific
possessions, and an awareness of
the designs of other powers. .That
consciousness would settle into a
hardened conviction that America
must assume her destiny in the
Philippines as well as Hawaii.
The Japanese scare, however true
or false, generated heat, but not
enough to accomplish annexation.
211/
301

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 Hawaiian Islands became a United
 States territory.
 C. FURTHER ANALYSIS OF ANNEXATION
-Why a Joint Resolution, Not a Treaty?
+==C. FURTHER ANALYSIS OF ANNEXATION==
 The reasons for the use of a joint
 Congressional resolution (the Newlands
@@ Line 31: / Line 34: @@
 annex Hawaii to the United States had
 taken place prior to 1898, one as
-early as 1854. 208/ The treaty process
+early as 1854. <u>208</u>/ The treaty process
 was tried until the alternative joint
 resolution process succeeded in 1898.
@@ Line 42: / Line 45: @@
 simple majority of the Congress,
 whereas a treaty would have required a
-•.wo-thirds majority of the Senate.
+two-thirds majority of the Senate.
-/ The need for annexation, by
+<u>209</u>/ The need for annexation, by
 whatever parliamentary means, was
 believed urgent to protect the
 strategic and military interests of
-the" United States in the Pacific.
+the United States in the Pacific.
 A short review of world events
 prior to debate and passage of the
@@ Line 62: / Line 66: @@
 much less a two-thirds vote of the
 membership, the Republican senatorial
-leadership delayed action." 210/ In
+leadership delayed action." <u>210</u>/ In
 the meantime, Japan protested against
 annexation as harmful to its nationals
@@ Line 74: / Line 78: @@
 conversation with Senator Hoar,
 McKinley stated that:
 "We cannot let the islands go to
-Japan... Japan has her eye on them.
+:"We cannot let the islands go to Japan... Japan has her eye on them. Her people are crowding in there. I am satisfied they do not go there voluntarily, as ordinary immigrants, but that Japan is pressing them in there, in order to get possession before anybody can interfere." McKinley from the first acted on the basis of his new policy with a consciousness of American defense, an appreciation of the desirability of Pacific possessions, and an awareness of the designs of other powers. That consciousness would settle into a hardened conviction that America must assume her destiny in the Philippines as well as Hawaii.
 Her people are crowding in there.
-I am satisfied they do not go
+:The Japanese scare, however true or false, generated heat, but not enough to accomplish annexation. <u>211</u>/
-there voluntarily, as ordinary
+{{p|301}}

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Jennifer Wada at 01:07, 26 April 2006

Jennifer Wada at 03:31, 10 March 2006