Jennifer Wada at 00:32, 28 April 2006

2006-04-28T00:32:55Z

Jennifer Wada at 03:33, 10 March 2006

2006-03-10T03:33:44Z

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The Texas and Hawaii annexations
were similar in several respects,
therefore. A number of expatriated
American citizens resided in both
Texas and Hawaii. In each, a failed
treaty attempt had preceded the
annexation by a joint resolution. As
stated in Senate Report No. 681 on the
Hawaiian annexation, "This joint
resolution [on Texas] clearly establishes
the precedent that Congress
has the power to annex a foreign
State...either by assenting to a
treaty of annexation or by agreeing
to articles of annexation or by act of
Congress based upon the consent of
such foreign Government obtained in
any authentic way." 241/ The argument
had the tone of certainty, but
those opposed argued against the
precedent. 242/
. Opponents noted that the body of
the joint resolution annexing Texas
did not contain the words "annex" or
"annexing." Instead, the resolutions
read: "'may be erected into a State,1
...The proper title to the Texas
resolutions is shown by the Congressional
Globe to have been, 'Joint
resolutions declaring the terms on
which Congress will admit Texas into
the Union as a State.'" 243/ Representative
Mann replied in Congressional
debate that: "It is not
necessary to deny that the proposed
annexation of the Hawaiian Islands
constitutes a new departure in the
policy of our Government, for whether
it does or not makes no difference...
the Republican party...has never
shrunk from doing that which is right
and advantageous because it might be
called a new departure." 244/ To add
weight to the argument, it was
reported that one of the President's
advisors stated: "the President has
been very firm about it and means to
annex the Islands anyway..."
President McKinley himself told George
Cortelyou: "We need Hawaii just as
much and a good deal more than we did
California. It is manifest destiny."
245/
The annexation differed, as well.
In Texas, unlike in Hawaii, the peopl<
voted on annexation. 246/
Did Any Native Hawaiians Sign
Annexation Documents?
Determination of whether any nativ
Hawaiians signed the proposed 1897
annexation treaty first requires a
definition of "native Hawaiians."
Certain parties during the annexation
debate attempted to define second and
third generation whites born on the
islands as "white natives." For
example, it was argued that Lorrin A.
Thurston, a member of the Hawaiian
treaty delegation, whose parents were
born in Hawaii, and Chief Justice Judd
of Hawaii were "white natives of the
islands." 247/ Most agreed, however,
that "native Hawaiians" referred to
the original aboriginal natives of the
islands. This was clearly shown in
the census breakdowns concerning
Hawaii 248/ and in most of the
documents presented concerning
annexation.
However, the only way to determine
definitively how many native Hawaiians
were involved in annexation proceedings
is extensive genealogical
research. The Federal Archivist told
the Commission that this is both timeconsuming
and expensive. The alternative
approach, checking surnames,
undoubtedly does not reliably identify
the number of native Hawaiians present
for legislative action.
The historical record, as detailed
below, indicates that no more than six
native Hawaiians 249/ were present in
the Hawaiian legislature when the 1894
Constitution of Hawaii was adopted.
This Constitution, valid until annexation,
called £§r Hawaii's annexation.
250/ Hawaii had a long history of
submitting requests for annexation to
the United States, both informally and
through negotiated treaties. 251/ How
many of these earlier requests were
actually supported by the native
306

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 Congress based upon the consent of
 such foreign Government obtained in
-any authentic way." 241/ The argument
+any authentic way." <u>241</u>/ The argument
 had the tone of certainty, but
 those opposed argued against the
-precedent. 242/
+precedent. <u>242</u>/
-. Opponents noted that the body of
 the joint resolution annexing Texas
 did not contain the words "annex" or
@@ Line 30: / Line 31: @@
 resolutions declaring the terms on
 which Congress will admit Texas into
-the Union as a State.'" 243/ Representative
+the Union as a State.'" <u>243</u>/ Representative
 Mann replied in Congressional
 debate that: "It is not
@@ Line 41: / Line 42: @@
 shrunk from doing that which is right
 and advantageous because it might be
-called a new departure." 244/ To add
+called a new departure." <u>244</u>/ To add
 weight to the argument, it was
 reported that one of the President's
@@ Line 51: / Line 52: @@
 much and a good deal more than we did
 California. It is manifest destiny."
-/
+<u>245</u>/
 The annexation differed, as well.
-In Texas, unlike in Hawaii, the peopl<
+In Texas, unlike in Hawaii, the people
-voted on annexation. 246/
+voted on annexation. <u>246</u>/
 Did Any Native Hawaiians Sign
-Annexation Documents?
+===<u>Did Any Native Hawaiians Sign Annexation Documents?</u>===
-Determination of whether any nativ
 Hawaiians signed the proposed 1897
 annexation treaty first requires a
@@ Line 70: / Line 73: @@
 born in Hawaii, and Chief Justice Judd
 of Hawaii were "white natives of the
-islands." 247/ Most agreed, however,
+islands." <u>247</u>/ Most agreed, however,
 that "native Hawaiians" referred to
 the original aboriginal natives of the
 islands. This was clearly shown in
 the census breakdowns concerning
-Hawaii 248/ and in most of the
+Hawaii <u>248</u>/ and in most of the
 documents presented concerning
 annexation.
 However, the only way to determine
 definitively how many native Hawaiians
@@ Line 83: / Line 87: @@
 is extensive genealogical
 research. The Federal Archivist told
-the Commission that this is both timeconsuming
+the Commission that this is both time-consuming
 and expensive. The alternative
 approach, checking surnames,
@@ Line 89: / Line 93: @@
 the number of native Hawaiians present
 for legislative action.
 The historical record, as detailed
 below, indicates that no more than six
-native Hawaiians 249/ were present in
+native Hawaiians <u>249</u>/ were present in
 the Hawaiian legislature when the 1894
 Constitution of Hawaii was adopted.
 This Constitution, valid until annexation,
-called £§r Hawaii's annexation.
+called for Hawaii's annexation.
-/ Hawaii had a long history of
+<u>250</u>/ Hawaii had a long history of
 submitting requests for annexation to
 the United States, both informally and
-through negotiated treaties. 251/ How
+through negotiated treaties. <u>251</u>/ How
 many of these earlier requests were
 actually supported by the native
+{{p|306}}

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Jennifer Wada at 00:32, 28 April 2006

Jennifer Wada at 03:33, 10 March 2006