Template:Nhsc-v1-39 - Revision history

Don Newman at 03:40, 11 March 2006

2006-03-11T03:40:24Z

Don Newman at 03:39, 11 March 2006

2006-03-11T03:39:24Z

Don Newman at 03:38, 11 March 2006

2006-03-11T03:38:47Z

Don Newman at 03:36, 11 March 2006

2006-03-11T03:36:44Z

Don Newman at 03:35, 11 March 2006

2006-03-11T03:35:20Z

Jennifer Wada at 09:31, 8 March 2006

2006-03-08T09:31:18Z

New page

These dates indicate generational
patterns, suggesting that the impact
of venereal disease continued for at
least three generations before it
abated or became a leas virulent
strain.
The lack o£ any natural immunity to
Western diseases aiaong trie native
Hawaiians was far more ca amatically
traceable with the introduction of
air- or water-borne contagion. The
first recorded epidemic occurred in
1804. From native accounts of the
symptoms, it is now assumed that
outbreaks of either cholera or bubonic
plague occurred. Of an estimated
population of 280,000 in the year
before this epidemic, nearly half
succumbed.
Later epidemics also contributed to
the high mortality rate: influenza
"irst appeared in 1826, and measles,
"hooping cough, diarrnea, and
nfluenza struck in rapid succession
n 1848 and 184 9.
Other causes mentioned by authors
cor the declining population are:
• Limited knowledge of treatment
for certain diseases, poor
infant care, breakdown of the
old moral order, and disruption
of important economic
activities; 11/
• Inter-island warfare that did
not abate until 1795 and
infanticide, mostly of females,
to balance the loss of males in
war; and
• The sandalwood trace, which
caused innumerable natives to
work gathering sandalwood,
weakened them, and caused them
to neglect other economic
pursuits, such as fishing and
farming. 12/
Migration: although it was not a
[major cause of: population decline, the
migration of young Hawaiian men did
play a role. The recruitment of
native tiawaiians as'crew members for
visiting ships evidently began in
1788. Romanzo Adams estimated that
the number of island seamen increased
from 200 in 1823 to 300 in 1825, 400
in 1832, 600 in 1836, 3,500 in 1848,
and 4,000 in 1850. At mid-century,
then, nearly 5 percent of the total
Hawaiian population had enlisted as
sailors. More importantly, this group
accounted for approximately 12 percent
of all Hawaiian males 18 years of age
or older. 13/
Population Trends from 1850 to 1896
According to the census data of the
kingdom, this period witnessed the
reversal of the decline in the overall
population of Hawaii. While there was
a 3.5 percent per year population
decline in 1853, the population in
1896 was increasing at a rate of 3.3
percent per year (see Table 2).
However, far-reaching changes were
occurring in the lifestyle and composition
of the population, as the
native population continued its
decline. Central to this transformation
was the importation of
laborers, beginning in 1852, to work
the newly-established sugar plantations.
The effects of the plantation
system are evident in the increase of
non-Hawaiians, a considerable excess
of males over females, and a youthful
population.
Immigration
Although there was a sufficient
number of Hawaiians to meet the labor
needs of the plantations, the native
cultural pattern of subsistence living
was not conducive to plantation labor.
As Lind concluded, since Hawaiians
could satisfy their simple living
expectations by a few hours toil in
the taro patches, "there was little
reason for the Hawaiians to offer
themselves as plantation laborers
under the onerous and confining
conditions which prevailed—long hours
of hard labor under driving rain and
hot tropical sun..." 14/
{{p|39}}

@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 or older. 13/
-<U>Population Trends from 1850 to 1896</U>
+===<U>Population Trends from 1850 to 1896</U>===
 According to the census data of the
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 population.
-<u>Immigration</U>
+===<u>Immigration</U>===
 Although there was a sufficient
 number of Hawaiians to meet the labor

@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 * Limited knowledge of treatment for certain diseases, poor infant care, breakdown of the old moral order, and disruption of important economic activities; 11/
-* Inter-island warfare that did not abate until 1795 and infanticide, mostly of females, to balance the loss of males in
+* Inter-island warfare that did not abate until 1795 and infanticide, mostly of females, to balance the loss of males in war; and
 * The sandalwood trace, which caused innumerable natives to work gathering sandalwood, weakened them, and caused them to neglect other economic pursuits, such as fishing and farming. 12/

@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 n 1848 and 1849.
-Other causes mentioned by authors
+Other causes mentioned by authors for the declining population are:
 * Limited knowledge of treatment for certain diseases, poor infant care, breakdown of the old moral order, and disruption of important economic activities; 11/

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 cor the declining population are:
-* Limited knowledge of treatment
+* Limited knowledge of treatment for certain diseases, poor infant care, breakdown of the old moral order, and disruption of important economic activities; 11/
-* Inter-island warfare that did
+* Inter-island warfare that did not abate until 1795 and infanticide, mostly of females, to balance the loss of males in
-not abate until 1795 and
+war; and
-* The sandalwood trace, which
+* The sandalwood trace, which caused innumerable natives to work gathering sandalwood, weakened them, and caused them to neglect other economic pursuits, such as fishing and farming. 12/
 Migration: although it was not a

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 abated or became a leas virulent
 strain.
 The lack o£ any natural immunity to
 Western diseases aiaong trie native
@@ Line 18: / Line 19: @@
 before this epidemic, nearly half
 succumbed.
 Later epidemics also contributed to
 the high mortality rate: influenza
@@ Line 23: / Line 25: @@
 "hooping cough, diarrnea, and
 nfluenza struck in rapid succession
-n 1848 and 184 9.
+n 1848 and 1849.
 Other causes mentioned by authors
 cor the declining population are:
-• Limited knowledge of treatment
 for certain diseases, poor
 infant care, breakdown of the
@@ Line 32: / Line 36: @@
 of important economic
 activities; 11/
-• Inter-island warfare that did
 not abate until 1795 and
 infanticide, mostly of females,
 to balance the loss of males in
 war; and
-• The sandalwood trace, which
 caused innumerable natives to
 work gathering sandalwood,
@@ Line 44: / Line 50: @@
 pursuits, such as fishing and
 farming. 12/
 Migration: although it was not a
 [major cause of: population decline, the
@@ Line 61: / Line 68: @@
 of all Hawaiian males 18 years of age
 or older. 13/
 Population Trends from 1850 to 1896
 According to the census data of the
 kingdom, this period witnessed the
-reversal of the decline in the overall
+reversal of the decline in the <u>overall</U>
 population of Hawaii. While there was
 a 3.5 percent per year population
@@ Line 70: / Line 79: @@
 was increasing at a rate of 3.3
 percent per year (see Table 2).
 However, far-reaching changes were
 occurring in the lifestyle and composition
@@ Line 83: / Line 93: @@
 of males over females, and a youthful
 population.
 Immigration
 Although there was a sufficient
 number of Hawaiians to meet the labor