Template:Nhsc-v1-48 - Revision history

Reid Ginoza: /* 1850 to 1900 */

2006-03-18T03:42:23Z

‎1850 to 1900

Reid Ginoza: /* 1850 to 1900 */

2006-03-18T03:41:53Z

‎1850 to 1900

Reid Ginoza at 03:40, 18 March 2006

2006-03-18T03:40:56Z

Reid Ginoza at 20:58, 17 March 2006

2006-03-17T20:58:47Z

Jennifer Wada at 09:37, 8 March 2006

2006-03-08T09:37:31Z

New page

• Only 4.2 percent of native
Hawaiians over 25 have
completed 4 or more years of
college, a figure lower than
that for any of the immiqrant
groups. (The 1977 figure is
4.6 percent; still lower than
any other ethnic group.)
E. EMPLOYMENT
1778 to 1850
Early censuses tell us little about
the changing modes of earning a living
that were brought on by the introduction
of trade during the first half
of the nineteenth century. Lind notes
that "an increasing number of the
Islanders were living on the margins
of the two competing economies,
deriving most of their livelihood from
the cultivation of their own kuleana
—
but also earning some money for the
purchase of trade goods from the sale
of farm surplus or from an occasional
day of work with the government." 39/
1850 to 1900
The census of 1866 collected
occupation data for the f i r s t time.
Although it may not be accurate, Lind
notes that it provides a rough
indication and, when taken with other
census data, "suggests that well over
half of the natives were s t i l l living
under a predominantly subsistence
economy." 40/
By 1896 the sugar plantations had
emerged as the major factor in the
Hawaiian economy. It appears likely
that well over 90 percent of the gainfully-
employed were engaged in
occupations associated with plantations
or in other fields in commerce
and trade. Nearly two-thirds of a ll
employed persons were unskilled
l a b o r e r s . 41/ (See Table 15 for
occupation data for the years 1866
through 1896.)
Reliance of plantations on immigr.
ir.t labor became necessary when the
sugar industry began to expand
rapidly, especially in the 1870's.
Until then, one writer s t a t e s:
Contrary to many reports, nati\
Hawaiians did not leave the field
work. As late as 1869, several
plantations employed all native
Hawaiian labor. By 1870, while
the native population was
declining, there was a tremendous
expansion of sugar production froi
two million to 20 million pounds
annually. The demand for
increased production and labor hac
to come from outside the kingdom.
This fact is demonstrated by a
report in 1873; on the t h i r t y - f i ve
p l a n t a t i o n s in existence at the
time there were 3,786 employees.
Of this there were 2,627 men and
364 women who were native
Hawaiians. This shows that more
than 80% of the labor force was
native Hawaiian up to that
time. 42/
However, even after the importation of
immigrant laborers for plantations
began in earnest, native Hawaiians
continued to play a minor but
important role as luna (supervisors)
and s k i l l e d workers. 43/
1900 to 1960
This period saw a marked decline in
the number of p l a n t a t i o n / a g r i c u l t u r al
workers, especially since 1930. In
the 1940's, one can see the important
influence of the war in terms of both
new employment opportunities arid
numbers of military personnel.
Expansion of the tourist industry
brought further opportunities.
Throughout the entire period since
1896, part-Hawaiians have been much
less represented in the ranks of
unskilled labor than full-Hawaiians.
It was not until 1950, however, that
full-Hawaiians were significantly
over-represented in this area. 44/
{{p|48}}

@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 Until then, one writer states:
-: Contrary to many reports, native Hawaiians did not leave the field work. As late as 1869, several plantations employed all native Hawaiian labor. By 1870, while the native population was declining, there was a tremendous expansion of sugar production from two million to 20 million pounds annually. The demand for increased production and labor had to come from outside the kingdom. This fact is demonstrated by a
+: Contrary to many reports, native Hawaiians did not leave the field work. As late as 1869, several plantations employed all native Hawaiian labor. By 1870, while the native population was declining, there was a tremendous expansion of sugar production from two million to 20 million pounds annually. The demand for increased production and labor had to come from outside the kingdom. This fact is demonstrated by a report in 1873; on the thirty-five plantations in existence at the time there were 3,786 employees.
 Of this there were 2,627 men and 364 women who were native Hawaiians. This shows that more than 80% of the labor force was native Hawaiian up to that time. <u>42</u>/

@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 Until then, one writer states:
-: Contrary to many reports, native
+: Contrary to many reports, native Hawaiians did not leave the field work. As late as 1869, several plantations employed all native Hawaiian labor. By 1870, while the native population was declining, there was a tremendous expansion of sugar production from two million to 20 million pounds annually. The demand for increased production and labor had to come from outside the kingdom. This fact is demonstrated by a
-Hawaiians did not leave the field
+report in 1873; on the thirty-five plantations in existence at the time there were 3,786 employees.
-work. As late as 1869, several
+Of this there were 2,627 men and 364 women who were native Hawaiians. This shows that more than 80% of the labor force was native Hawaiian up to that time. <u>42</u>/
 However, even after the importation of

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-* Only 4.2 percent of native Hawaiians over 25 have completed 4 or more years of college, a figure lower than that for any of the immigrant groups. (The 1977 figure is 4.6 percent; still lower than
+* Only 4.2 percent of native Hawaiians over 25 have completed 4 or more years of college, a figure lower than that for any of the immigrant groups. (The 1977 figure is 4.6 percent; still lower than any other ethnic group.)
 E. EMPLOYMENT
@@ Line 51: / Line 50: @@
 rapidly, especially in the 1870's.
 Until then, one writer states:
-Contrary to many reports, nati\
 Hawaiians did not leave the field
 work. As late as 1869, several
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 the native population was
 declining, there was a tremendous
-expansion of sugar production froi
+expansion of sugar production from
 two million to 20 million pounds
 annually. The demand for
-increased production and labor hac
+increased production and labor had
 to come from outside the kingdom.
 This fact is demonstrated by a
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 than 80% of the labor force was
 native Hawaiian up to that
-time. 42/
+time. <u>42</u>/
 However, even after the importation of
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 began in earnest, native Hawaiians
 continued to play a minor but
-important role as luna (supervisors)
+important role as <u>luna</u> (supervisors)
-and skilled workers. 43/
+and skilled workers. <u>43</u>/
 to 1960
 This period saw a marked decline in
 the number of plantation/agricultural
@@ Line 86: / Line 88: @@
 the 1940's, one can see the important
 influence of the war in terms of both
-new employment opportunities arid
+new employment opportunities and
 numbers of military personnel.
 Expansion of the tourist industry
 brought further opportunities.
 Throughout the entire period since
 , part-Hawaiians have been much
@@ Line 96: / Line 99: @@
 It was not until 1950, however, that
 full-Hawaiians were significantly
-over-represented in this area. 44/
+over-represented in this area. <u>44</u>/
 {{p|48}}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-• Only 4.2 percent of native
+* Only 4.2 percent of native Hawaiians over 25 have completed 4 or more years of college, a figure lower than that for any of the immigrant groups. (The 1977 figure is 4.6 percent; still lower than
 any other ethnic group.)
 E. EMPLOYMENT
 to 1850
 Early censuses tell us little about
 the changing modes of earning a living
@@ Line 18: / Line 15: @@
 of the two competing economies,
 deriving most of their livelihood from
-the cultivation of their own kuleana
+the cultivation of their own <u>kuleana</u>
 but also earning some money for the
 purchase of trade goods from the sale
 of farm surplus or from an occasional
-day of work with the government." 39/
+day of work with the government." <u>39</u>/
 to 1900
 The census of 1866 collected
-occupation data for the f i r s t time.
+occupation data for the first time.
 Although it may not be accurate, Lind
 notes that it provides a rough
 indication and, when taken with other
 census data, "suggests that well over
-half of the natives were s t i l l living
+half of the natives were still living
 under a predominantly subsistence
-economy." 40/
+economy." <u>40</u>/
 By 1896 the sugar plantations had
 emerged as the major factor in the
@@ Line 43: / Line 42: @@
 and trade. Nearly two-thirds of a ll
 employed persons were unskilled
-l a b o r e r s . 41/ (See Table 15 for
+laborers. <u>41</u>/ (See Table 15 for
 occupation data for the years 1866
 through 1896.)
-Reliance of plantations on immigr.
-ir.t labor became necessary when the
+Reliance of plantations on immigrant
 sugar industry began to expand
 rapidly, especially in the 1870's.
-Until then, one writer s t a t e s:
+Until then, one writer states:
 Contrary to many reports, nati\
 Hawaiians did not leave the field
@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 to come from outside the kingdom.
 This fact is demonstrated by a
-report in 1873; on the t h i r t y - f i ve
+report in 1873; on the thirty-five
-p l a n t a t i o n s in existence at the
+plantations in existence at the
 time there were 3,786 employees.
 Of this there were 2,627 men and
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 native Hawaiian up to that
 time. 42/
 However, even after the importation of
 immigrant laborers for plantations
@@ Line 78: / Line 79: @@
 continued to play a minor but
 important role as luna (supervisors)
-and s k i l l e d workers. 43/
+and skilled workers. 43/
 to 1960
 This period saw a marked decline in
-the number of p l a n t a t i o n / a g r i c u l t u r al
+the number of plantation/agricultural
 workers, especially since 1930. In
 the 1940's, one can see the important