Reid Ginoza at 03:17, 22 March 2006

2006-03-22T03:17:59Z

Jennifer Wada at 09:46, 8 March 2006

2006-03-08T09:46:07Z

New page

to constitutional monarchy in the
1840's permitted limited political
participation by all of the people for
the first time. Although mana (the
degree of sacred power and rank) was
supplanted by hereditary succession to
the throne in 1819, it was not until
the Constitution of 1840 that any
fundamental changes in the traditional
patterns of governance occurred.
The Constitution of 1840 created a
two-house legislature based on the
British Parliamentary model. The
House of Nobles was to be appointed by
the king and duplicated the
pre-contact Council of Chiefs. The
House of Representatives was to be
elected from and by adult males who
were citizens of the kingdom. (For a
more complete description of the
Constitution, see below page 158.)
The notion of male suffrage, like
the House of Representatives itself,
was a Western concept. Women of high
royal rank were included in the House
of Nobles, but precluded from the
democratically-inspired electoral
process. In addition, the position of
kuhina nui, or premier, became a male
function for the first time, after
twenty years of hereditary succession
by the highest-ranking woman.
As early as the reign of Kamehameha
IV (1854-1863), however, there were
attempts to change the constitution.
The king, and his brother who would
succeed him, believed the existing
constitution was too far in advance of
the needs of the people. The king
wanted to centralize more power to the
monarch and to limit suffrage.
Both of these goals were
accomplished by Kamehameha V (1863-
1872) when he abrogated the old constitution
and proclaimed a new one in
1864. Universal manhood suffrage was
abolished. Property qualifications
were instituted for the members of the
House of Representatives and property
and educational qualifications were
instituted for voters. Although
Lunalilo, Kamehameha V's successor,
successfully petitioned the
legislature to repeal the property
qualification for voters, education
requirements remained.
The Republic of Hawaii
Preparations for establishing the
Republic of Hawaii in 1894 placed new
restrictions on voters. The first
step in adopting a constitution for
the Republic was to elect the
delegates to a constitutional convention.
All voters were required to
sign an oath that stated, in part,
H...I will support and bear true
allegiance to the Provisional Government
of the Hawaiian Islands, and will
oppose any attempt to reestablish
monarchical government in any form in
the Hawaiian Islands." 105/ This
requirement had the intended effect of
disenfranchising almost all the native
Hawaiian voters. Another, unexpected
effect, however, was the disenfranchisement
of many Americans who were
afraid that by signing the oath, they
would lose their U.S. citizenship.
106/ The result of this disenfranchisement
was striking: in 1890 there
had been 13,593 registered electors;
for the election of delegates to the
constitutional convention, there were
only 4,477. 107/
The constitutional convention,
made up of eighteen elected delegates
and nineteen members of the Provisional
Government (to ensure "success"
of those in favor of a Republic)
agreed on a constitution that "was
satisfactory to all but the most
extreme oligarchs." 108/ Property
qualifications were instituted for
both voters and members of the
legislature. Candidates for the
Senate, or upper house, were required
to have an income of §1,200 or to own
$3,000 in property. Candidates for
the lower house, the House of Representatives,
had to have an income of
$600 or own property worth $1,000.
109/ Requirements tor voters were:
{{p|63}}

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 's permitted limited political
 participation by all of the people for
-the first time. Although mana (the
+the first time. Although <U>mana</u> (the
 degree of sacred power and rank) was
 supplanted by hereditary succession to
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 fundamental changes in the traditional
 patterns of governance occurred.
 The Constitution of 1840 created a
 two-house legislature based on the
@@ Line 20: / Line 21: @@
 more complete description of the
 Constitution, see below page 158.)
 The notion of male suffrage, like
 the House of Representatives itself,
@@ Line 27: / Line 29: @@
 democratically-inspired electoral
 process. In addition, the position of
-kuhina nui, or premier, became a male
+<u>kuhina nui</u>, or premier, became a male
 function for the first time, after
 twenty years of hereditary succession
 by the highest-ranking woman.
 As early as the reign of Kamehameha
 IV (1854-1863), however, there were
@@ Line 40: / Line 43: @@
 wanted to centralize more power to the
 monarch and to limit suffrage.
 Both of these goals were
 accomplished by Kamehameha V (1863-
@@ Line 55: / Line 59: @@
 qualification for voters, education
 requirements remained.
 The Republic of Hawaii
 Preparations for establishing the
 Republic of Hawaii in 1894 placed new
@@ Line 69: / Line 75: @@
 oppose any attempt to reestablish
 monarchical government in any form in
-the Hawaiian Islands." 105/ This
+the Hawaiian Islands." <u>105</u>/ This
 requirement had the intended effect of
 disenfranchising almost all the native
@@ Line 77: / Line 83: @@
 afraid that by signing the oath, they
 would lose their U.S. citizenship.
-/ The result of this disenfranchisement
+<u>106</u>/ The result of this disenfranchisement
 was striking: in 1890 there
 had been 13,593 registered electors;
 for the election of delegates to the
 constitutional convention, there were
-only 4,477. 107/
+only 4,477. <u>107</u>/
 The constitutional convention,
 made up of eighteen elected delegates
@@ Line 90: / Line 97: @@
 agreed on a constitution that "was
 satisfactory to all but the most
-extreme oligarchs." 108/ Property
+extreme oligarchs." <u>108</u>/ Property
 qualifications were instituted for
 both voters and members of the
 legislature. Candidates for the
 Senate, or upper house, were required
-to have an income of §1,200 or to own
+to have an income of $1,200 or to own
 $3,000 in property. Candidates for
 the lower house, the House of Representatives,
 had to have an income of
 $600 or own property worth $1,000.
-/ Requirements tor voters were:
+<u>109</u>/ Requirements tor voters were:
 {{p|63}}

Template:Nhsc-v1-63 - Revision history

Reid Ginoza at 03:17, 22 March 2006

Jennifer Wada at 09:46, 8 March 2006