Difference between revisions of "Template:Nhsc-v1-48"
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| − | + | * Only 4.2 percent of native Hawaiians over 25 have completed 4 or more years of college, a figure lower than that for any of the immigrant groups. (The 1977 figure is 4.6 percent; still lower than any other ethnic group.) | |
| − | Hawaiians over 25 have | + | |
| − | completed 4 or more years of | ||
| − | college, a figure lower than | ||
| − | that for any of the | ||
| − | groups. (The 1977 figure is | ||
| − | 4.6 percent; still lower than | ||
| − | any other ethnic group.) | ||
E. EMPLOYMENT | E. EMPLOYMENT | ||
| − | 1778 to 1850 | + | |
| + | ===1778 to 1850=== | ||
| + | |||
Early censuses tell us little about | Early censuses tell us little about | ||
the changing modes of earning a living | the changing modes of earning a living | ||
| Line 18: | Line 14: | ||
of the two competing economies, | of the two competing economies, | ||
deriving most of their livelihood from | deriving most of their livelihood from | ||
| − | the cultivation of their own kuleana | + | the cultivation of their own <u>kuleana</u> |
| − | |||
but also earning some money for the | but also earning some money for the | ||
purchase of trade goods from the sale | purchase of trade goods from the sale | ||
of farm surplus or from an occasional | of farm surplus or from an occasional | ||
| − | day of work with the government." 39/ | + | day of work with the government." <u>39</u>/ |
| − | 1850 to 1900 | + | |
| + | ===1850 to 1900=== | ||
| + | |||
The census of 1866 collected | The census of 1866 collected | ||
| − | occupation data for the | + | occupation data for the first time. |
Although it may not be accurate, Lind | Although it may not be accurate, Lind | ||
notes that it provides a rough | notes that it provides a rough | ||
indication and, when taken with other | indication and, when taken with other | ||
census data, "suggests that well over | census data, "suggests that well over | ||
| − | half of the natives were | + | half of the natives were still living |
under a predominantly subsistence | under a predominantly subsistence | ||
| − | economy." 40/ | + | economy." <u>40</u>/ |
| + | |||
By 1896 the sugar plantations had | By 1896 the sugar plantations had | ||
emerged as the major factor in the | emerged as the major factor in the | ||
| Line 43: | Line 41: | ||
and trade. Nearly two-thirds of a ll | and trade. Nearly two-thirds of a ll | ||
employed persons were unskilled | employed persons were unskilled | ||
| − | + | laborers. <u>41</u>/ (See Table 15 for | |
occupation data for the years 1866 | occupation data for the years 1866 | ||
through 1896.) | through 1896.) | ||
| − | Reliance of plantations on | + | |
| − | + | Reliance of plantations on immigrant | |
| + | labor became necessary when the | ||
sugar industry began to expand | sugar industry began to expand | ||
rapidly, especially in the 1870's. | rapidly, especially in the 1870's. | ||
| − | Until then, one writer | + | Until then, one writer states: |
| − | Contrary to many reports, | + | |
| − | Hawaiians did not leave the field | + | : Contrary to many reports, native Hawaiians did not leave the field work. As late as 1869, several plantations employed all native Hawaiian labor. By 1870, while the native population was declining, there was a tremendous expansion of sugar production from two million to 20 million pounds annually. The demand for increased production and labor had to come from outside the kingdom. This fact is demonstrated by a report in 1873; on the thirty-five plantations in existence at the time there were 3,786 employees. |
| − | work. As late as 1869, several | + | Of this there were 2,627 men and 364 women who were native Hawaiians. This shows that more than 80% of the labor force was native Hawaiian up to that time. <u>42</u>/ |
| − | plantations employed all native | + | |
| − | Hawaiian labor. By 1870, while | ||
| − | the native population was | ||
| − | declining, there was a tremendous | ||
| − | expansion of sugar production | ||
| − | two million to 20 million pounds | ||
| − | annually. The demand for | ||
| − | increased production and labor | ||
| − | to come from outside the kingdom. | ||
| − | This fact is demonstrated by a | ||
| − | report in 1873; on the | ||
| − | |||
| − | time there were 3,786 employees. | ||
| − | Of this there were 2,627 men and | ||
| − | 364 women who were native | ||
| − | Hawaiians. This shows that more | ||
| − | than 80% of the labor force was | ||
| − | native Hawaiian up to that | ||
| − | time. 42/ | ||
However, even after the importation of | However, even after the importation of | ||
immigrant laborers for plantations | immigrant laborers for plantations | ||
began in earnest, native Hawaiians | began in earnest, native Hawaiians | ||
continued to play a minor but | continued to play a minor but | ||
| − | important role as luna (supervisors) | + | important role as <u>luna</u> (supervisors) |
| − | and | + | and skilled workers. <u>43</u>/ |
| − | 1900 to 1960 | + | |
| + | ===1900 to 1960=== | ||
| + | |||
This period saw a marked decline in | This period saw a marked decline in | ||
| − | the number of | + | the number of plantation/agricultural |
workers, especially since 1930. In | workers, especially since 1930. In | ||
the 1940's, one can see the important | the 1940's, one can see the important | ||
influence of the war in terms of both | influence of the war in terms of both | ||
| − | new employment opportunities | + | new employment opportunities and |
numbers of military personnel. | numbers of military personnel. | ||
Expansion of the tourist industry | Expansion of the tourist industry | ||
brought further opportunities. | brought further opportunities. | ||
| + | |||
Throughout the entire period since | Throughout the entire period since | ||
1896, part-Hawaiians have been much | 1896, part-Hawaiians have been much | ||
| Line 95: | Line 79: | ||
It was not until 1950, however, that | It was not until 1950, however, that | ||
full-Hawaiians were significantly | full-Hawaiians were significantly | ||
| − | over-represented in this area. 44/ | + | over-represented in this area. <u>44</u>/ |
{{p|48}} | {{p|48}} | ||
Latest revision as of 20:42, 17 March 2006
- Only 4.2 percent of native Hawaiians over 25 have completed 4 or more years of college, a figure lower than that for any of the immigrant groups. (The 1977 figure is 4.6 percent; still lower than any other ethnic group.)
E. EMPLOYMENT
1778 to 1850
Early censuses tell us little about the changing modes of earning a living that were brought on by the introduction of trade during the first half of the nineteenth century. Lind notes that "an increasing number of the Islanders were living on the margins of the two competing economies, deriving most of their livelihood from the cultivation of their own kuleana but also earning some money for the purchase of trade goods from the sale of farm surplus or from an occasional day of work with the government." 39/
1850 to 1900
The census of 1866 collected occupation data for the first time. Although it may not be accurate, Lind notes that it provides a rough indication and, when taken with other census data, "suggests that well over half of the natives were still living under a predominantly subsistence economy." 40/
By 1896 the sugar plantations had emerged as the major factor in the Hawaiian economy. It appears likely that well over 90 percent of the gainfully- employed were engaged in occupations associated with plantations or in other fields in commerce and trade. Nearly two-thirds of a ll employed persons were unskilled laborers. 41/ (See Table 15 for occupation data for the years 1866 through 1896.)
Reliance of plantations on immigrant labor became necessary when the sugar industry began to expand rapidly, especially in the 1870's. Until then, one writer states:
- Contrary to many reports, native Hawaiians did not leave the field work. As late as 1869, several plantations employed all native Hawaiian labor. By 1870, while the native population was declining, there was a tremendous expansion of sugar production from two million to 20 million pounds annually. The demand for increased production and labor had to come from outside the kingdom. This fact is demonstrated by a report in 1873; on the thirty-five plantations in existence at the time there were 3,786 employees.
Of this there were 2,627 men and 364 women who were native Hawaiians. This shows that more than 80% of the labor force was native Hawaiian up to that time. 42/
However, even after the importation of immigrant laborers for plantations began in earnest, native Hawaiians continued to play a minor but important role as luna (supervisors) and skilled workers. 43/
1900 to 1960
This period saw a marked decline in the number of plantation/agricultural workers, especially since 1930. In the 1940's, one can see the important influence of the war in terms of both new employment opportunities and numbers of military personnel. Expansion of the tourist industry brought further opportunities.
Throughout the entire period since 1896, part-Hawaiians have been much less represented in the ranks of unskilled labor than full-Hawaiians. It was not until 1950, however, that full-Hawaiians were significantly over-represented in this area. 44/
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