Difference between revisions of "Template:Nhsc-v1-103"

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Line 4: Line 4:
 
lepers on the Kalaupapa peninsula
 
lepers on the Kalaupapa peninsula
 
of the island of Molokai.
 
of the island of Molokai.
55/ One out of every 39 (2.6
+
<u>55</u>/ One out of every 39 (2.6
 
percent) of native Hawaiians
 
percent) of native Hawaiians
 
was affected, whereas the
 
was affected, whereas the
 
occurrence in non-Hawaiians was
 
occurrence in non-Hawaiians was
one in 1,847. 56/ A peak of
+
one in 1,847. <u>56</u>/ A peak of
 
1,310 active cases was reached
 
1,310 active cases was reached
 
at the end of the century, and
 
at the end of the century, and
Line 14: Line 14:
 
start of segregation, an
 
start of segregation, an
 
estimated 4,000 natives died of
 
estimated 4,000 natives died of
this affliction. 57/
+
this affliction. <u>57</u>/
In 1853, 1861, 1873, and again
+
 
in 1882, smallpox took over
+
* In 1853, 1861, 1873, and again in 1882, smallpox took over 7,000 lives, in spite of compulsory smallpox vaccination in 1854. <u>58</u>/
7,000 lives, in spite of
+
 
compulsory smallpox vaccination
+
* In 1857, an epidemic of colds, headache, sore throat, and deafness (influenza?) raged. <u>59</u>/
in 1854. 58/
+
 
In 1857, an epidemic of colds,
+
* In 1866, cough, chills, fever, vomiting, nose bleeding, and disability (dengue?) affected
headache, sore throat, and
 
deafness (influenza?) raged.
 
59/
 
In 1866, cough, chills, fever,
 
vomiting, nose bleeding, and
 
disability (dengue?) affected
 
 
hundreds.
 
hundreds.
In 1878-1880, whooping cough
 
brought death to 68 in
 
Honolulu. 60/
 
In 1888, whooping cough struck
 
again with 104 lives, and in
 
1890 diphtheria. 61/
 
In 1889-1890, measles and
 
dysentery killed 26. 62/
 
By the time of the overthrow of
 
the monarchy in 1893, the
 
native Hawaiian population was
 
reduced by 87 percent to about
 
40,000. 63/
 
  
Lack of Imraumty, Genetic and
+
* In 1878-1880, whooping cough brought death to 68 in Honolulu. <u>60</u>/
Other Factors: Multiple factors
+
 
 +
* In 1888, whooping cough struck again with 104 lives, and in 1890 diphtheria. <u>61</u>/
 +
 
 +
* In 1889-1890, measles and dysentery killed 26. <u>62</u>/
 +
 
 +
* By the time of the overthrow of the monarchy in 1893, the native Hawaiian population was
 +
reduced by 87 percent to about 40,000. <u>63</u>/
 +
 
 +
<u>Lack of Imraumty, Genetic and
 +
Other Factors</u>: Multiple factors
 
probably accounted for the steep
 
probably accounted for the steep
 
logarithmic decline in the population
 
logarithmic decline in the population
of the pure Hawaiian. 64/ Introduced
+
of the pure Hawaiian. <u>64</u>/ Introduced
 
infections, as cited above, in a
 
infections, as cited above, in a
 
people who lacked immunity because of
 
people who lacked immunity because of
Line 57: Line 47:
 
impaired fertility in both men and
 
impaired fertility in both men and
 
women, increased early and late fetal
 
women, increased early and late fetal
deaths _in utero, and contributed to
+
deaths <u>in utero</u>, and contributed to
 
neonatal and infant mortality, through
 
neonatal and infant mortality, through
 
indirect general debility and
 
indirect general debility and
malnutrition. 65/
+
malnutrition. <u>65</u>/
Latent genetic defects could have
+
 
predisposed to reduced birth rates,
+
Latent genetic defects could have predisposed to reduced birth rates, <u>66</u>/ and probably account for the
66/ and probably account for the
 
 
natives' hypersusceptibility to
 
natives' hypersusceptibility to
 
chronic infections, aside from
 
chronic infections, aside from
 
impaired immune mechanisms, such as in
 
impaired immune mechanisms, such as in
leprosy and tuberculosis. 67/
+
leprosy and tuberculosis. <u>67</u>/
 +
 
 
Other chronic metabolic illnesses,
 
Other chronic metabolic illnesses,
 
not readily or specifically diagnosable,
 
not readily or specifically diagnosable,
especially among the maka'-
+
especially among the <u>maka'ainana</u>, but related largely to
ainana, but related largely to
 
 
conflicting life-styles, were probably
 
conflicting life-styles, were probably
 
also taking their toll. These
 
also taking their toll. These
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kidney, and lung failure, stroke, and
 
kidney, and lung failure, stroke, and
 
diabetes, so prevalent among modern
 
diabetes, so prevalent among modern
Hawaiians. 68/
+
Hawaiians. <u>68</u>/
Among the ali' i, these terminal
+
 
 +
Among the <u>ali' i</u>, these terminal
 
illnesses were identified as follows:
 
illnesses were identified as follows:
 
in 1854 Kamehameha III died at age 42
 
in 1854 Kamehameha III died at age 42
Line 93: Line 83:
 
in 1891, King Kalakaua died at the age
 
in 1891, King Kalakaua died at the age
 
of 54 of "Bright1s disease" (kidney
 
of 54 of "Bright1s disease" (kidney
failure). 69/
+
failure). <U>69</u>/
 
{{p|103}}
 
{{p|103}}

Revision as of 18:49, 29 March 2006

segregation law established a receiving leprosy hospital in Honolulu and isolation of lepers on the Kalaupapa peninsula of the island of Molokai. 55/ One out of every 39 (2.6 percent) of native Hawaiians was affected, whereas the occurrence in non-Hawaiians was one in 1,847. 56/ A peak of 1,310 active cases was reached at the end of the century, and over the 40 years since the start of segregation, an estimated 4,000 natives died of this affliction. 57/

  • In 1853, 1861, 1873, and again in 1882, smallpox took over 7,000 lives, in spite of compulsory smallpox vaccination in 1854. 58/
  • In 1857, an epidemic of colds, headache, sore throat, and deafness (influenza?) raged. 59/
  • In 1866, cough, chills, fever, vomiting, nose bleeding, and disability (dengue?) affected

hundreds.

  • In 1878-1880, whooping cough brought death to 68 in Honolulu. 60/
  • In 1888, whooping cough struck again with 104 lives, and in 1890 diphtheria. 61/
  • In 1889-1890, measles and dysentery killed 26. 62/
  • By the time of the overthrow of the monarchy in 1893, the native Hawaiian population was

reduced by 87 percent to about 40,000. 63/

Lack of Imraumty, Genetic and Other Factors: Multiple factors probably accounted for the steep logarithmic decline in the population of the pure Hawaiian. 64/ Introduced infections, as cited above, in a people who lacked immunity because of their long isolation, not only explained high and irregular direct mortality, but could also explain the decreased birth rate. Local, genital, venereal, and other infections, and general, systemic infections probably impaired fertility in both men and women, increased early and late fetal deaths in utero, and contributed to neonatal and infant mortality, through indirect general debility and malnutrition. 65/

Latent genetic defects could have predisposed to reduced birth rates, 66/ and probably account for the natives' hypersusceptibility to chronic infections, aside from impaired immune mechanisms, such as in leprosy and tuberculosis. 67/

Other chronic metabolic illnesses, not readily or specifically diagnosable, especially among the maka'ainana, but related largely to conflicting life-styles, were probably also taking their toll. These disorders include arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart, kidney, and lung failure, stroke, and diabetes, so prevalent among modern Hawaiians. 68/

Among the ali' i, these terminal illnesses were identified as follows: in 1854 Kamehameha III died at age 42 of convulsions and delirium that could have been a stroke; in 1863 Kamehameha IV died with asthma at the age of 29; in 1872, at the age of 42, Kamehameha V succumbed of "buttock abscess, dropsy and asphyxia;" in 1883, Princess Ke'elikolani died at age 57 of heart failure; in 1884, Queen Emma died of stroke at the age of 49; and in 1891, King Kalakaua died at the age of 54 of "Bright1s disease" (kidney failure). 69/

-p103-