Difference between revisions of "Template:Nhsc-v1-103"
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lepers on the Kalaupapa peninsula | lepers on the Kalaupapa peninsula | ||
of the island of Molokai. | of the island of Molokai. | ||
| − | 55/ One out of every 39 (2.6 | + | <u>55</u>/ One out of every 39 (2.6 |
percent) of native Hawaiians | percent) of native Hawaiians | ||
was affected, whereas the | was affected, whereas the | ||
occurrence in non-Hawaiians was | occurrence in non-Hawaiians was | ||
| − | one in 1,847. 56/ A peak of | + | one in 1,847. <u>56</u>/ A peak of |
1,310 active cases was reached | 1,310 active cases was reached | ||
at the end of the century, and | at the end of the century, and | ||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
start of segregation, an | start of segregation, an | ||
estimated 4,000 natives died of | estimated 4,000 natives died of | ||
| − | this affliction. 57/ | + | this affliction. <u>57</u>/ |
| − | In 1853, 1861, 1873, and again | + | |
| − | in 1882, smallpox took over | + | * In 1853, 1861, 1873, and again in 1882, smallpox took over 7,000 lives, in spite of compulsory smallpox vaccination in 1854. <u>58</u>/ |
| − | 7,000 lives, in spite of | + | |
| − | compulsory smallpox vaccination | + | * In 1857, an epidemic of colds, headache, sore throat, and deafness (influenza?) raged. <u>59</u>/ |
| − | in 1854. 58/ | + | |
| − | In 1857, an epidemic of colds, | + | * In 1866, cough, chills, fever, vomiting, nose bleeding, and disability (dengue?) affected |
| − | headache, sore throat, and | ||
| − | deafness (influenza?) raged. | ||
| − | 59/ | ||
| − | In 1866, cough, chills, fever, | ||
| − | vomiting, nose bleeding, and | ||
| − | disability (dengue?) affected | ||
hundreds. | hundreds. | ||
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| − | Lack of | + | * In 1878-1880, whooping cough brought death to 68 in Honolulu. <u>60</u>/ |
| − | Other Factors: Multiple factors | + | |
| + | * In 1888, whooping cough struck again with 104 lives, and in 1890 diphtheria. <u>61</u>/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | * In 1889-1890, measles and dysentery killed 26. <u>62</u>/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | * By the time of the overthrow of the monarchy in 1893, the native Hawaiian population was | ||
| + | reduced by 87 percent to about 40,000. <u>63</u>/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <u>Lack of Immunity, Genetic and | ||
| + | Other Factors</u>: Multiple factors | ||
probably accounted for the steep | probably accounted for the steep | ||
logarithmic decline in the population | logarithmic decline in the population | ||
| − | of the pure Hawaiian. 64/ Introduced | + | of the pure Hawaiian. <u>64</u>/ Introduced |
infections, as cited above, in a | infections, as cited above, in a | ||
people who lacked immunity because of | people who lacked immunity because of | ||
| Line 57: | Line 47: | ||
impaired fertility in both men and | impaired fertility in both men and | ||
women, increased early and late fetal | women, increased early and late fetal | ||
| − | deaths | + | deaths <u>in utero</u>, and contributed to |
neonatal and infant mortality, through | neonatal and infant mortality, through | ||
indirect general debility and | indirect general debility and | ||
| − | malnutrition. 65/ | + | malnutrition. <u>65</u>/ |
| − | Latent genetic defects could have | + | |
| − | predisposed to reduced birth rates, | + | Latent genetic defects could have predisposed to reduced birth rates, <u>66</u>/ and probably account for the |
| − | 66/ and probably account for the | ||
natives' hypersusceptibility to | natives' hypersusceptibility to | ||
chronic infections, aside from | chronic infections, aside from | ||
impaired immune mechanisms, such as in | impaired immune mechanisms, such as in | ||
| − | leprosy and tuberculosis. 67/ | + | leprosy and tuberculosis. <u>67</u>/ |
| + | |||
Other chronic metabolic illnesses, | Other chronic metabolic illnesses, | ||
not readily or specifically diagnosable, | not readily or specifically diagnosable, | ||
| − | especially among the maka' | + | especially among the <u>maka'ainana</u>, but related largely to |
| − | ainana, but related largely to | ||
conflicting life-styles, were probably | conflicting life-styles, were probably | ||
also taking their toll. These | also taking their toll. These | ||
| Line 78: | Line 67: | ||
kidney, and lung failure, stroke, and | kidney, and lung failure, stroke, and | ||
diabetes, so prevalent among modern | diabetes, so prevalent among modern | ||
| − | Hawaiians. 68/ | + | Hawaiians. <u>68</u>/ |
| − | Among the ali' i, these terminal | + | |
| + | Among the <u>ali' i</u>, these terminal | ||
illnesses were identified as follows: | illnesses were identified as follows: | ||
in 1854 Kamehameha III died at age 42 | in 1854 Kamehameha III died at age 42 | ||
| Line 93: | Line 83: | ||
in 1891, King Kalakaua died at the age | in 1891, King Kalakaua died at the age | ||
of 54 of "Bright1s disease" (kidney | of 54 of "Bright1s disease" (kidney | ||
| − | failure). 69/ | + | failure). <U>69</u>/ |
{{p|103}} | {{p|103}} | ||
Latest revision as of 18:50, 29 March 2006
segregation law established a receiving leprosy hospital in Honolulu and isolation of lepers on the Kalaupapa peninsula of the island of Molokai. 55/ One out of every 39 (2.6 percent) of native Hawaiians was affected, whereas the occurrence in non-Hawaiians was one in 1,847. 56/ A peak of 1,310 active cases was reached at the end of the century, and over the 40 years since the start of segregation, an estimated 4,000 natives died of this affliction. 57/
- In 1853, 1861, 1873, and again in 1882, smallpox took over 7,000 lives, in spite of compulsory smallpox vaccination in 1854. 58/
- In 1857, an epidemic of colds, headache, sore throat, and deafness (influenza?) raged. 59/
- In 1866, cough, chills, fever, vomiting, nose bleeding, and disability (dengue?) affected
hundreds.
- In 1878-1880, whooping cough brought death to 68 in Honolulu. 60/
- In 1888, whooping cough struck again with 104 lives, and in 1890 diphtheria. 61/
- In 1889-1890, measles and dysentery killed 26. 62/
- By the time of the overthrow of the monarchy in 1893, the native Hawaiian population was
reduced by 87 percent to about 40,000. 63/
Lack of Immunity, Genetic and Other Factors: Multiple factors probably accounted for the steep logarithmic decline in the population of the pure Hawaiian. 64/ Introduced infections, as cited above, in a people who lacked immunity because of their long isolation, not only explained high and irregular direct mortality, but could also explain the decreased birth rate. Local, genital, venereal, and other infections, and general, systemic infections probably impaired fertility in both men and women, increased early and late fetal deaths in utero, and contributed to neonatal and infant mortality, through indirect general debility and malnutrition. 65/
Latent genetic defects could have predisposed to reduced birth rates, 66/ and probably account for the natives' hypersusceptibility to chronic infections, aside from impaired immune mechanisms, such as in leprosy and tuberculosis. 67/
Other chronic metabolic illnesses, not readily or specifically diagnosable, especially among the maka'ainana, but related largely to conflicting life-styles, were probably also taking their toll. These disorders include arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart, kidney, and lung failure, stroke, and diabetes, so prevalent among modern Hawaiians. 68/
Among the ali' i, these terminal illnesses were identified as follows: in 1854 Kamehameha III died at age 42 of convulsions and delirium that could have been a stroke; in 1863 Kamehameha IV died with asthma at the age of 29; in 1872, at the age of 42, Kamehameha V succumbed of "buttock abscess, dropsy and asphyxia;" in 1883, Princess Ke'elikolani died at age 57 of heart failure; in 1884, Queen Emma died of stroke at the age of 49; and in 1891, King Kalakaua died at the age of 54 of "Bright1s disease" (kidney failure). 69/
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