Difference between revisions of "Template:Nhsc-v1-162"
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
governments. In order of preference, | governments. In order of preference, | ||
these were: | these were: | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | United States, Great Britain, | + | :*A joint protectorate by the United States, Great Britain, and France; |
| − | and France; | + | |
| − | + | :*A protectorate under the United States and Great Britain; | |
| − | United States and Great | + | |
| − | Britain; | + | :*A protectorate by the United States alone; |
| − | + | ||
| − | States alone; | + | :*If no protectorate could be arranged, resignation of sovereignty to the United States. <u>72</u>/ |
| − | + | ||
| − | arranged, resignation of | ||
| − | sovereignty to the United | ||
| − | States. 72/ | ||
After communicating these developments | After communicating these developments | ||
to Washington, however, the United | to Washington, however, the United | ||
| Line 26: | Line 23: | ||
idea or expectation that the islands | idea or expectation that the islands | ||
will become annexed to the United | will become annexed to the United | ||
| − | States." 73/ | + | States." <u>73</u>/ |
| + | |||
All of these negotiations came to a | All of these negotiations came to a | ||
halt without being resolved. Rumors | halt without being resolved. Rumors | ||
| Line 43: | Line 41: | ||
stimulated talk of annexation, | stimulated talk of annexation, | ||
particularly in California. | particularly in California. | ||
| − | E. THE REIGNS OF KAMEHAMEHA IV AND V | + | |
| − | (1854-1872) | + | ==E. THE REIGNS OF KAMEHAMEHA IV AND V (1854-1872)== |
| − | Politics and Sugar | + | |
| + | ===<u>Politics and Sugar</u>=== | ||
| + | |||
Prince Alexander Liholiho, nephew | Prince Alexander Liholiho, nephew | ||
and heir of Kamehameha III, ascended | and heir of Kamehameha III, ascended | ||
| Line 51: | Line 51: | ||
December 1854. His reign lasted until | December 1854. His reign lasted until | ||
his death in 1863. This Hawaiian | his death in 1863. This Hawaiian | ||
| − | monarch had very different ideas | + | monarch had very different ideas about |
relations with foreign governments, in | relations with foreign governments, in | ||
general, and with the United States, | general, and with the United States, | ||
in particular. | in particular. | ||
| + | |||
In the foreign realm, the policy of | In the foreign realm, the policy of | ||
the government of Kamehameha IV | the government of Kamehameha IV | ||
consisted of three parts: | consisted of three parts: | ||
| − | 1) To substitute for the pending | + | |
| − | annexation project a treaty of | + | :1) To substitute for the pending annexation project a treaty of reciprocity between the United States and Hawaii; |
| − | reciprocity between the United | + | |
| − | States and Hawaii; | + | :2) To get a satisfactory treaty with France and place the relations between the two countries on a cordial footing; and |
| − | 2) To get a satisfactory treaty | + | |
| − | with France and place the | + | :3) To obtain a joint guarantee of Hawaii's independence by the great maritime powers, Great Britain, France, the United States, and possibly Russia, by means of a tripartite or ouadripartite treaty. <u>74</u>/ |
| − | relations between the two | + | |
| − | countries on a cordial | ||
| − | footing; and | ||
| − | 3) To obtain a joint guarantee | ||
| − | of Hawaii's independence by | ||
| − | the great maritime powers, | ||
| − | Great Britain, France, the | ||
| − | United States, and possibly | ||
| − | Russia, by means of a tripartite | ||
| − | or ouadripartite | ||
| − | |||
Of the three parts of this policy, | Of the three parts of this policy, | ||
only the second met with some success. | only the second met with some success. | ||
| Line 81: | Line 72: | ||
still not satisfactory, the treaty was | still not satisfactory, the treaty was | ||
"in some important respects an | "in some important respects an | ||
| − | improvement over the old one." 75/ | + | improvement over the old one." <u>75</u>/ |
| + | |||
One of the first steps taken in | One of the first steps taken in | ||
pursuit of the foreign policy qoals of | pursuit of the foreign policy qoals of | ||
Revision as of 04:12, 7 April 2006
The U.S. Commissioner and members of the king's government drew up a document setting forth alternative plans for the United States to save Hawaii from the danger of filibustering or threats from foreign governments. In order of preference, these were:
- A joint protectorate by the United States, Great Britain, and France;
- A protectorate under the United States and Great Britain;
- A protectorate by the United States alone;
- If no protectorate could be arranged, resignation of sovereignty to the United States. 72/
After communicating these developments to Washington, however, the United States Commissioner was informed by the U.S. Secretary of State that he was not to give countenance to "any idea or expectation that the islands will become annexed to the United States." 73/
All of these negotiations came to a halt without being resolved. Rumors of filibustering proved untrue, relations with France improved somewhat, and Kamehameha III died on December 15, 1854. His successor, Prince Alexander Liholiho, did not reopen the discussions and supporters of annexation in Hawaii gave up their agitation for the time being. However, interest had been piqued in the United States by these developments. Fear that France would take over the Hawaiian Islands had stimulated talk of annexation, particularly in California.
E. THE REIGNS OF KAMEHAMEHA IV AND V (1854-1872)
Politics and Sugar
Prince Alexander Liholiho, nephew and heir of Kamehameha III, ascended the throne as Kamehameha IV n December 1854. His reign lasted until his death in 1863. This Hawaiian monarch had very different ideas about relations with foreign governments, in general, and with the United States, in particular.
In the foreign realm, the policy of the government of Kamehameha IV consisted of three parts:
- 1) To substitute for the pending annexation project a treaty of reciprocity between the United States and Hawaii;
- 2) To get a satisfactory treaty with France and place the relations between the two countries on a cordial footing; and
- 3) To obtain a joint guarantee of Hawaii's independence by the great maritime powers, Great Britain, France, the United States, and possibly Russia, by means of a tripartite or ouadripartite treaty. 74/
Of the three parts of this policy, only the second met with some success. A new treaty between Hawaii and France was ratified in 1858 and, although still not satisfactory, the treaty was "in some important respects an improvement over the old one." 75/
One of the first steps taken in pursuit of the foreign policy qoals of Kamehameha IV was to break off all negotiations for annexation to the
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