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( t u b e r c u l o s i s ) and a l c o h o l i s m. His w i l l provided for "a home f o r e l d e r l y i n f i rm and d e s t i t u t e Hawaiians," which opened in Makiki in 1885. 93/ I n 1876, the l e g i s l a t u re a u t h o r i z e d drainage of t a r o wetlands t h a t were d e c l a r ed " i n s a n i t a r y . " 94/ I n 1879, the f i r s t a r t e s i a n well for d r i n k i n g , washing, and i r r i g a t i o n was d r i l l e d at Honouliu l i , Oahu by James Campbell, founder of the l a r g e , landh o l d i n g Campbell E s t a t e . 95/ I n 1882, the f i r s t water f i l t r a t i o n p l a n t was c o n s t r u c t e d at Nu'uanu, in Honolulu. 96/ I n s p e c t i o n of food and l i c e n s i ng of d a i r i e s began in Honolulu. 9 7 / founded by the king and i^ueen Kapiolani "to propagate and p e r p e t u a t e the r a c e . " A hon^e for d e s t i t u t e Hawaiians was e s t a b l i s h e d in Kaka'ako and the f i r s t Kapioiani Home for nonl e p r o u s c h i l d r e n of leprous p a r e n t s on Molokai opened next t o the Kaka'ako Receiving H o s p i t a l . 101/ In 1890, the Kapiolani Maternity Home for b i r t h i n g of i n f a n t s of n a t i v e Hawaiian women opened in t h e renovated house of the q u e e n ' s r e c e n t l y - d e c e a s ed s i s t e r , Princess Kekaulike, in Makiki in Honolulu. 102/ This p r i v a t e h o s p i t a l was supported by c o n t r i b u t i o n s . Native 'women were not r e q u i r e d to pay for t h e i r .r.edical care u n t i l L917, when non-Hawaiians were f i r st a d m i t t e d . 103/ • In 1884, the f i r s t l o c a l government h o s p i t a l , Malulani, was opened at Wailuku, Maui. 98/ • In 1886, the f i r s t p l a n t a t i on h o s p i t a l at Makaweli, Kauai was b u i l t by the Hawaiian Sugar Co. By 1890, t h e r e were 18,900 p l a n t a t i o n employees and four p l a n t a t i o n h o s p i t a l s . 99/ • In 1880, the government of King Kalakaua was so alarmed at the d e c l i n e of the n a t i v e Hawaiian p o p u l a t i o n and the p r e v a l e n c e of s q u a l o r , i n s a n i t a t i o n , and m o r b i d i t y , t h a t the Board of Health i s s u e d a book in the Hawaiian language on S a n i t a ry I n s t r u c t i o n s for Hawaiians, w r i t t e n by Walter Murray Gibson. 1 00/ • About the same time, the Ho'oulu a Ho'ola Lahui Society was Overthrow of the Monarchy to the P r e s e n t (1893-1933) P o p u l a t i o n Changes In 1893, with the dethronement of Queen L i l i u o k a l a n i and the e s t a b l i s h ment of a n o n - e l e c t e d P r o v i s i o n al Government by the haole b u s i n e ss o l i g a r c h y , the n a t i v e Hawaiians were a l r e a d y a m i n o r i t y in t h e i r homeland, although the pure Hawaiians s t i ll outnumbered the part-Hawaiians (see t a b l e in f o o t n o t e ) . 104/ The c o n t r o l l i n g whites were the smallest m i n o r i t y , exceeded by the imported, n o n - v o t i n g O r i e n t a l l a b o r e r s. The c o n t r a s t 90 years l a t e r , - in 1983, is s t r i k i n g . Native Hawaiians a r e r e l a t i v e l y an even smaller m i n o r i t y , with the part-Hawaiians far outnumbering the almost vanished pure Hawaiians. The white p o p u l a t i o n has g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d , although s t i ll exceeded by a l l O r i e n t a l s combined. 105/
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