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of O'ahu describes Kahiki, a term used for all lands outside of Hawai'i: Ua 'ike ho'i au la Kahiki He moku leo paha'oha'o wale Kahiki • • * 'A'ohe o Kahiki kanaka Ho'okahi o Kahiki kanaka - he Haole 2/ I have seen Kahiki Kahiki is an island with a puzzling language Kahiki has no people Except for one kind - foreigners Many Hawaiian _•/ families trace part of their ancestry to voyagers from these foreign lands called Kahiki. Regular sound correspondence between k_ in Hawaiian with t in other Polynesian languaqes supports an i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of at least one Kahiki with T a h i t i . Linguistic analysis of Hawaiian supports a theory that the lanoua-7e has i t s closest r e l a t i v e s in the Marquesas, Society, and other island groups of French Polynesia, some two thousand miles to the south. There s t i l l remains a certain amount of mutual i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y between Hawaiian and other Eastern Polynesian languages such as Tahitian, Cook Islands Maori, and New Zealand Maori, as shown in Table 59. All tables appear at the end of the chapter). The s i m i l a r i t y among Polynesian lanquaqes has been overemphasized by casual observers who have erroneously claimed that Hawaiian and other
- / Mr. Kimura uses the term
"Hawaiian" in the same way that "native Hawaiian" is used in the majority of this Report; that i s , to siqnify those persons who have any amount of the blood of those who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778. Polynesian^ ill speak but "dialects" of a single lar.quaoe. _i/ Linguists general.'/ accept d i s t i n c t languaqes {as opposed to d i a l e c t s ) as hav:r/i more than 7u percent of their basic vocabulary as cognate. Hawaiian shares 56 percent of i t s basic vocabulary with Marquesan and only 46 percent with Tahitian, the two languages most closely related to Hawaiian, according to l i n c u i s t s. Given the independent status of the Hawaiian lanauage, it is notable that Hawaiians and other Polynesians in th< independent nations of the South Pacific readily recognize the r e l a t i o n s h i p among their languaqes and put much emphasis on this even in o f f i c i a l government business between Hawai'i and their countries. Unlike New Zealand Maori and Marquesan, whicr, exhibit a number of rather different d i a l e c t s , differences within Hawaiian are quite minor and were probably never much greater than today. The lack of major dialect d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n within Hawaiian can be a t t r i b u t e d in part to the lack of s t a b l e groupings of people, -such a : t r i b e s or clans, m the traditional p o l i t i c a l system. lr. pre-contact times, there was continuous interchange anong the various line^^e3 across the whole island chain and constant redefinition of p o l i t i c al boundaries across d i s t r i c t s and i s l a n d s . Tradition mentions an individual from the island of Hawai'i named Kalaunuiohua who nearlysucceeded in conquering the '-ntir'3 island chain at one time. _4/ Usually, however, Maui controlled the neighboring islands of Moloka'i, Laha'i, and Kaho'olawe, with Hawai'i and O'ahu as separate units, and Kaua ' i control h n q neiqhborinq Ni'ihau. The greatest contrasts in speech within Hawaiian are between
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