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rid in the Appendix. A comment received from John J. Hall s t a t es t h a t : "Boundaries never changed, even a f t e r c o n t a c t . Ahupua'a remained s t a t i o n a r y , only a l i i moved...If warfare was as e x t e n s i v e as h i s t o r i a ns r-.--.rt, the environment would show the e f f e c t s and the l i t e r a t u r e does not s j p p o r t such a s i t u a t i o n . " The quotation from Spaulding r e f e r s to boundaries p e r t a i n i n g to land under a p a r t i c u l a r chief and not to boundary changes of p a r t i c u l a r ahupua'a. 19/ For example, Congressman Daniel Akaka says t h a t the Commission's e a r l y h i s t o r y of Hawaii " r e l i e s far toe h e a v i l y on a comparison with the feudal s t r u c t u re such as it e x i s t e d in Europe during the Middle Ages." Comments by the Office of Hawaiian A f f a i r s note t h a t: "It is important to note that the cor. rept of fee-simple ownership of the land was unknown to Hawaiians. The a l i i . . . d i d not own the l a n d . . . , they merely managed the land and other r e s o u r c e s . " Haunani-Kay Trask s t a t es that c a l l i n g the Hawaiian system feudal, "is a f a l s e rendering of the Hawaiian land tenure system which did not include the following feudal s t r u c t u r e s - - o b l i g a t o r y m i l i t a ry s e r v i c e ; bondage to the land; ownership by the kings and c h i e f s ." [Emphasis in the o r i g i n a l .] 20/ William Adam Russ, J r . , The Hawaiian Revolution (1893-1894) " (Gettysburg, Pa.: Times and News Publishing Co., 1959), p. 30. 2 1 / Lawrence H. Fuchs, Hawaii P C I J : A Social History (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, I n c ., I ' D , p. 6. 22/ Jon J. Chinen, O r i g i n a l Land Ti t l e s in Hawaii (Honolulu: Jon J. en, 1961), p. 7. . V Malo, p. 88. 2_4/ Ibid, p. 85. 25/ See Draft Report of Findings, Native Hawaiians Study Commission, p. 107. Comments received from Haunani-Kay Trask, e_t a l , s t a t e t h a t: "Hawaiian commoners enjoyed more r i g h t s to the land in p r e c o n t a ct Hawaii than under the p r i v a t e property system brought by the West." In a n o t h e r comment, Kawaipuna Prejean s t a t e s t h a t : "Our A l i i was unlike the s l a v e masters of Europe who expected t h e c i t i z e n s of the s o i l to do a l l t he work and keep the r o y a l t y in i ts o p u l e n c e . The Chiefs of old, before f a l l i n g victim to germ warfare d e l i b e r a t e l y introduced by the invaders to decimate the race, t o i l ed i n the e a r t h with the Makaainana or c i t i z e n s of the s o i l " (pp. 1-2). See a l s o , Haunani-Kay Trask, "An H i s t o r i c a l Over-view of Hawaii: Pre-Contact to the P r e s e n t , " a paper prepared at the d i r e c t i o n of and funded by the Office of Hawaiians A f f a i r s . This paper is reproduced in f u l l in the Appendix of t h i s Report. 26/ David Malo, quoted in Kuykendall, Volume I, p. 9. 27/ L i l i u o k a l a n i , Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen (Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. T u t t l e Company, 1964), p. 3. 28/ Chinen, O r i g i n a l Land T i t l es in Hawaii, p. 52. On various a s p e c ts of d a i l y l i f e , see a l s o paper by Haunani-Kay Trask, "An H i s t o r i c a l Over view of Hawaii." 29/ Kuykendall, Volume I, p. 9. 30/ Mitchell, p. 8. 3 1 / Kuykencall, Volume I, p. 8. Added as a r e s u l t of comments received from V i o l e t K u ' u l e i I h a r a . See a l so c h a p t e r below on "Native Hawaiian R e l i g i o n , " page 231.
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